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md manu- 
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\ 125 

bts; Cards, 



stautiy in sto*^'^ *»vprv T«»mitaW« »»»rio«>\r»;/»oi \\r, 
he also kee| 
abroHd. in <| 
which have; 
and will re(^ 

Asalite SlaU 

fiiciured ^ 

and is sen 

feet, one c 
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100 SinKl^ 
Suppliei 

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law as ta 

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To which 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Shelf^.^:;^- 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



no, pp. 153. 

' common 

, and the 

nt states. 

New York 






75 



ExaminatiuiKt lux ob«i.e ^^crwuuaxcs. im iuuus<*iiu. v^iutii, iZlllO, pp. 188 

and Appendix 50 

Rodeiich Hume. T4ie story ol a New York Teacher. Cloth, 16mo, pp. 

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TM School-Room Ouide^ embodying the instruction given by the author 

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Thousand Questions 



ON 



AMEEICAN HISTORY: 



AN OUTLINE OF THE 



History of the Biiited States, 



IN THE FORM OF 



QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 




SYRACUSE, N. T.: 

1884, 



THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. 

Helps in Teaching History. 

1. A Thousand Questions in American History. 16mo, 
cloth, pp. 24T. Price $1.00. 

This work has been prepared by an eminent teacher for use in 
his own school— one of the largest in the State. It shows rare 
breadth of view and discrimination, dealing not merely with 
events but with causes, and with the side issues that have so much 
to do with determining the destiny of a nation. It brings the 
narrativedown to the Presidential election of 1884, and will give 
valuable hints to every teacher in United States history. 

2, HeliJs in Fixing the Facts in American History. 
By Henry C. Northam. 16mo, cloth, pp, 298. Price $1.00. 

Here all facts are presented L.— exington. 
in groups. The key- word to I— ndependence. 
the Revolution, for instance, is B— urgoyne's Surrender. 
LIBERTY, as shown in theac- E— vacuation. 
companying table of Key- R— etribution. 
Words; and in like manner the T— reason, 
events of the late civil war are Y— orktown. 
kept chronologically distinct by the key-w^ords SLAVES FREED. 
Chart No. 1 indicates by stars the years in each decade from 14 2 
to 1789 in which the most remarkable events occurred, while the 
colored chart No. 2 arranges the events in twelve groups. 

Dime Question Books, No. 5, General History, and No. 6, 
United States History and Civil Government. By ALBERT 
P. SouTHWicK. 16mo, paper, pp. 37, 32. Price 10 cts. each. 

The latter has proved the most popular of all this series, the 
fall sales often reaching a thousand a week. 

4. Tablet of American History, with map of the United 
States on the back. By Rufus Blanchard. Heavy paper, 
mounted on rollers, 3^2 by 5 feet. Price, express paid, $3.00. 

The demand for a colored chart to hang upon the wall and thus 
catch the often-lifted eye of the pupil, has led to the preparation 
of this chart by an experienced author. The events of the four 
centuries are grouped in parallel belts of different colors, and 
upon the corners and sides are names of the States and Terri- 
tories with their etymology, etc., history of political parties, 
portraits of all the Presidents, Coats of Arms of all the States, 
etc. The map is engraved expressly for this chart by Rand & 
McNally, is colored hoth Tjy States and hy counties, and gives all 
the latest railroads, the new arrangement of time, etc. Indeed 
the map is as indispensable as the chart, and the combination of 
both at a low price makes perhaps the most desirable purchase 
for the school-room that has ever been offered. 

C W. BABDEEN, Publisher, Syracuse, N. Y. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



1»AGE, 

Introductory and General 5-9 

.^re-Historic Period, including the Indians and extending 

to 1492 10-37 

The Mound Builders 10 

Discoveries before Columbus 13 

The Indians . . .^ 16 

Preparation for Discovery by Columbus 21 

First Voyage of Columbus 25 

Second Period: Discoveries,. Explorations and First Settle- 
ments ; 1492-1607 26-37 

Third Period : Colonial History : 1607-1775 '. 88-109 

General Questions 38 

Virginia 48 

Massachusetts 49 

New Hampshire 55 

New York *~ 56 

Maryland 60 

Connecticut 64 

Rhode Island 68 

New Jersey 70 

The Carolinas 73 

Delaware 77 

Pennsylvania 78 

Georgia 81 

The Colonies in General 83 

Colonial Wars 89 

Events which led to the Revolution 101 

Fourth Period: The Revolution and the Confederacy: 

1775-1789 110-127 

The War HO 

Formation of the New Government 124 



lY CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Fifth Period: The Constitution: From '.Washington to 

Lincoln : 1789-1861 128-182 

George Washington 128 

John Adams 133 

Thomas Jefferson 137 

The Second War with England 143 

James Monroe ' 146" 

John Quincy Adams 150 

Andrew Jackson 152 

Martin VanBuren 157 

William Henry Harrison and John Tyler 159 

James K. Polk 164 

The Mexican War 164 

Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore 168 

Franklin Pierce 174 

James Buchanan 176 

Sixth Period: The Civil War: 1861-1865 183-198 

Abraham Lincoln 183 

The War 188 

Confederate Cruisers 192 

The Blockade 194 

Seventh Period: Reconstruction: 1865-1884..... 199-225 

Andrew Johnson 199 

Ulysses S. Grant 206 

Rutherford B. Hayes 218 

James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur 222 

Miscellaneous and Summary 226-247 

Admission of New States 226 

Acquisition of Territory 234 

Population 236 

Distinguished Men 237 

Important Events - 239 

Inventions and Improvements 241 

The Banks of the United States 243 

Political Parties 243 

Table of Necessary Dates 245 

List of Authorities for Reading 246 



A THOUSAND QUESTIONS 



IN 



UNITED STATES HISTOM. 



Inteodtjctory and General. 

1. What is History ? 

An account of men and events ; it deals both with the 
past whose records are complete and with what is now go- 
ing on. 

2. What does American History teach ? 

It teaches who discovered and settled America, what 
was found there, and how the different people now inhab- 
iting it, and their governments and institutions, have come 
to be what they are. 

3. What does the History of tlie United 
States teach ? 

It teaches by whom the country was explored and set- 
tled ; how the original colonies grew into a nation ; how 
they achieved their independence; how they have made 
progress in education, the arts, manufactures and com- 
merce/, how they have acquired territory ; how slavery 
was introduced, grew, and was abolished; how the govern- 



6 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

ment has maintained equal rights for all ; in short, it teaches 
the causes and proceses by which the United States have 
come to be what they are, and their present condition. 

4. What are some of the topics of wliich it 
treats. 

Such as these: the voyages and journeys of explorers: 
the difficulties and hardships of early settlers; wars with 
Indians, with the French, with Great Britain, and between 
the North, and the South; the forming of the Constitution, 
the election of Presidents, and the rise of political parties; 
the treaties made with foreign powers; tariffs; banks and 
money, and the men who have been eminent in any of 
these. 

5. What is the benefit of studying the History 

of the United States ? 

It gives us knowledge of what has been done, and of the 
great men who have lived in our country; this intelligence 
makes us both wiser for our duties and more patriotic in 
our sentiments; the more we know of the history of our 
country, the more we shall honor and love it, and the bet- 
ter able shall we be to judge what is best for it in our day 
and in the future. 

,6. To what other History will that of the 
United States lead ? 

First to that of England, because of the direct connection 
of that country with us ; then to that of France, the old 
friend and ally of the United States ; then to that of Ger- 
many, from which so many people have since come to the 
United States; and so, to the history of all the civilized 
world. 

7. What are the sources of this History ? 
Written public documents which are preserved in goV- 



INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL. 7 

ernment offices; private documents, letters, diaries, etc., 
preserved in families ; acts of Congress and Legislatures, 
newspapers, oral traditions, and Histories and Biograph- 
ies previously written. 

8. What other subjects does History need as 
a help ? 

Geography, for knowledge of places ; Biography, which 
gives accounts of persons ; and Chronology, which assigns 
dates. These have been called the "Eyes of History.'* 

9. Why should the History of one's own coun- 
try be studied first ? 

Because it is more important to us, as it concerns us 
more than any other does; it ought to be, also, more inter- 
esting than any other, for this reason ; also, because it is 
easier for us to go from our own history to that of other 
nations, than to begin with other history and then come 
to that of our own country. 

10. Who have made the History of the 
United States ? 

Every one who has lived and worked here, no matter how 
humble his condition or how limited his influence; the 
History of the United States is the History of the whale 
people; but individuals who have been prominent in legis- 
lation, in war, in enterprises of various kinds, have contrib- 
uted more to this History than others. Men of mark in all 
departments have made much of this History, while all 
liave helped to make it, though their names do not appear 
on its pages. 

11. May not History be learned by simply 
reading it? • 

If history is read with attention, and the men, places 
and events are carefully inquired into, and the reader re- 



8 msriTED STATES HISTORY. 

fleets on all so as to discover causes and effects and the in- 
fluence of one part on another, and remembers the lessons 
learned so as to apply them to passing events, reading will 
suffice for historical study. But to read as a youth reads a 
story-book will not give much useful or permanent histori- 
cal knowledge . 

12. How may it be studied ? 

In three ways: (1) By learning what is given in the 
smaller Histories ; this will give an outline of the most im- 
portant events, but it will be only an outline. (2) -By learn- 
ing what is in these books, and referring to the larger His- 
tories and other books, for details and further information 
about persons and events; this may be carried further by 
doing the same with the larger Histories themselves. (3) 
By reading and comparing all that can be found in any 
books, Histories or others, or in any documents about a 
given topic, as e. g. the exploration of the Mississippi val- 
ley, slavery, gold mining, emigration. 

13. How can the History which is not yet in 
the books be studied ? 

Mainly by putting together from day to day what the 
newspapers report. This is one of the most pleasant and 
useful studies in History. 

14. What are the principal Histories of the 
United States? 

George Bancroft's, not yet complete, is the fullest general 
history of the United States. Others are: Palfrey's and 
Elliot's Histories of New England; Hildreth's History of 
the United States ; Ramsay's History of the United States ; 
Cooper's History of the Navy of the United States ; Park- 
man's Histories of French Am^ica; the various Histories 
of the Civil War, particularly Greeley's American Con- 
flict; Pollard's Lost Cause, and Draper's History oi the 



INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL. ' 9 

American Civil War. There are also a multitude of short 
or condensed School Histories. 

15. Into what periods may the study of this 
History be conveniently divided ? 
Into seven, namely: 

I. The Pre-Historic, extending to about 1492, the date 
of the discovery by Columbus. 

II. That of Discoveries, Explorations and First Settle- 
ments, extending from 1493 to 1607, the date of the settle- 
ment of Virginia, the first of the thirteen original colonies. 

III. That of the Colonies, extending from 1607 to 1775, 
the date of the battle of Lexington. 

IV. That of the Revolutionary War and the Confed- 
eracy, extending from 1775 to 1789, the date of the inaugu- 
ration of Washington as President. 

V. That of the Constitution, from 1789 to 1861, the date 
of the beginning of the Civil War. 

VI. That of the Civil War, extending from 1861 to 
1865. 

VII. That of Reconstruction, or events growing out of 
the Civil War, and the present condition of the country, 
extending from 1865 to the present time. 



THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 



EXTENDING TO 1492, AND INCLUDING THE INDIANS FOUND 
IN THE COUN RY BY THE FIRST SETTLERS. 



The Mound Builders. 

16. Who inhabited North America before the 

people called Indians ? 

The race called the mound builders, who must have 
dwelt in all parts of North America except on the Atlantic 
Coast, where no traces of them have been discovered. 

17. How is their existence known ? 

By the mounds and earth- works recently discovered all 
over the valley of the Mississippi, and especially in the 
states of Ohio and Wisconsin. 

18. What are these ? 

They are mounds of earth evidently heaped up by man 
for some special purpose, or enclosures of land by walls of 
earth or stone. 

19. How do they differ ? 

Some of these are small, others are of great size and 
extent, in some instances comprising hundreds of acres, 
with walls of many miles in length. They are also of 
various forms. 



THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 11 

20. Can they be seen now just as they were left ? 
Only by digging and clearing away the earth from them. 

The mounds were covered with trees and soil and the 
earth-works were filled in and covered over with decaying 
forests which occupied the land afterwards, and with the 
earth deposited by floods, so that nothing of them was 
visible. 

21. How were tliey found ? 

Their existence was not known until they were discov- 
ered by digging for other purposes. When once it was 
known that such things existed, they were found in all 
directions. 

22. What is the shape of the Mou^ids ? 

The mounds are conical heaps of earth, sometimes with 
level tops ; in one instance — the mound in Cahokia, Illinois 
— the level portion being 450 by 200 feet. 

23. For what were tliese Mounds used ? 

It is supposed that they were mounds of sacrifice, mounds 
for burying the dead, mounds of observation, or temple- 
mounds. It is not even conjectured what others were 
used for. This is particularly the case with the mounds of 
the Arkansas Valley. 

24. What is the shape of the Eartli-Works ? 
The Earth-Works are of very various shapes ; some are 

shaped like animals, as the Elephant ; some like birds with 
out-stretched wings ; some like serpents and fishes; and 
some like man. Others are mathematical in shape, as the 
cross, the crescent, the circle, etc. . 

25. Wliat is their size ? 

They vary very much in size. They rise from the ground 
from two to six feet ; the length of some is more than a 
hundred feet. 



12 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

26. What is found in tliem ? 

They contain pottery of various sorts, utensils of stone 
and of copper, arrow-heads, idols, human remains, as 
bones, skulls, etc. 

27. What was the nse of the Earth-Works ? 

But little is known about the uses of these singular struc- 
tures. It is conjectured that some of them may have 
been garden-beds, that others were for purposes of defence, 
that others were in some w^ay connected with religious 
rites, or social usages. 

28. When were they made ? 

No conjecture even is offered about the time when these 
were made. The Indians had no tradition about them, and 
there are no records but what the Mounds and Earth- 
Works themselves contain. It is only certain that they 
must be of immense age. 

29. What must have been the condition of the 

race who made them { 

They must have been superior in civilization to the 
Indians, as is evident from these works and the remains 
found in them ; they must have been ver}^ numerous, as the 
great number of these works with small areas testifies, there 
being no fewer than 10,000 mounds in Ohio alone; they 
must have had long possession of the land as the great 
extent of the territoiy occupied by them shows; but the 
only record of them is in these w^orks. 

30. Do these relics point to any connection of 

this race with any known race having a similar 

civilization ? 

No resemblance w^hatever can be traced between what 
these Earth- Works reveal about them and what is known 



THE PRE-HI8TORTC PERIOD. 13 

about any other people. They appear so far to stand en- 
tirely separate from all known races of men. 

31. Where did their peculiar civilization at- 
tain its greatest development ? 

In Mexico and Central America. There they learned to 
make bronze, to make fine work in gold and silver, to 
weave fine cloths. Their works seem to have disappeared 
from the northern part of the continent to appear again to 
later generations in a greatly advanced state of perfection. 

32. Is it certain that they have left any heirs 
or descendants? 

It is not certain that they have left any heirs or de- 
scendants. The people and structures found in the south- 
ern parts of the continent may, or may not have had some 
connection with the race of Mound Builders, 

33. What became of them, so far as the pres- 
ent territory of the United States is concerned ? 

It is simply know^n that they disappeared wholly. They 
"may have died by famine, or by pestilence, or they may 
have been put to death by more warlike enemies coming 
from we know not where; they may have been gradually 
driven off to the south and west, and, as has been sug- 
gested, may have made their last stand in the stone 
fortresses of New Mexico, and, driven thence, may in after 
ages have reappeared in the Aztec and Toltec of Mexico. 

Note. — Foster's Pre-Historic Races of Men and the first 
volume of the Popular History of the United States, con- 
tain the best accounts of the Mound Builders. 

Discoveries before Colltvibus. 

34. What conjectures of voyages to America 
before the time of Columbus ? 



14 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

That some Phoenician navigator may have passed the 
Pillars' of Hercules — the straits of Gibraltar — and boldly 
sailed west to America; that the tribes of Israel crossed 
from Asia to the north, and the Malays to the south, of the 
continent; that Saint Thomas came to Peru, and that 
Saint Patrick sent Irish Missionaries to America. 

35. Who are known to liave come to America 
before Columbus ? 

The Northmen — the inhabitants of North-western 
Europe — are known to have come to North America in 
the tenth and eleventh centuries. In 860 they found Ice- 
land, which they soon after settled. From there they 
■went, by accident, to Greenland, and from this place to 
the North-eastern coast of the continent. 

36. Who of these Northerners first came to 
this continent, and wJien ? 

The continent was first seen, probably, by Herjulfson, 
who, in 985, sailing from Iceland to Greenland, was driven 
by a storm to Newfoundland. He saw the shore several 
times, but did not land. 

37. Who followed him, and when ? 

In 1000 Lief Erickson, Son of Eric the Red, sailed from 
Greenland to Labrador, went south as far as Narragansett 
Bay, and perhaps even went to New York Bay. He landed 
and made explorations, and is considered to be the first 
white man who set foot on America, as Herjulfson was 
the first who saw America. 

38. Who followed ? 

His brother Thorvald in 1002, and again in 1004, and 
and another brother Thorstein, in 1005, and one Karles- 
fene in 1007, each with a band of followers, who founded 



THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 15 

feeble colonies in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, which 
were soon abandoned, 

39. Who were the next comers ? 

Freydis, wife of Thorvald and daughter of Eric the 
Red, persuaded two Icelandic captains, Hengi and Finn- 
bogi, to sail with her in 1011, to found a colony. Discord 
soon arose and it too was abandoned. With this attempt 
closes the accounts of the discoveries of the Northmen. 

40. What did they call the Country, and how 
far did they explore ? 

They called the land Vineland, from the vines found on 
the coasts, and it is conjectured that they may have sailed 
as far south as the capes of Virginia. 

41. Did European nations follow up this 
discovery ? 

They seem to have had no knowledge of it, and it pro- 
duced no results except those here given. 

42. What remains or evidences of this discov- 
ery and brief occupation are found ? 

A round stone tower in Newport, Rhode Island, cer- 
tain inscriptions on a rock at Dighton, Massachusetts, and 
the accounts of Icelandic historians, seem to make parts, at 
least, of this story reasonably certain. 

43. Are the stone tower and the inscriptions 
proofs of occupation hj the Northmen 'i 

These are not proofs; the tower may have been only an 
old mill, built in the early times of the English colony; and 
the inscription may have been made by Indians. 

44. What traditions of otlier voyages to 
America ? 

(1.) That the Arabians sailed here in 499, and told won- 



16 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

■derful stories of their discoveries: (2.) Tiiat a Welch 
Prince, Madoc, orMadog, came with his followers in 1170, 
and that his descendants were found on the Red River in 
1767, and later still on the Missouri, and that the Mandan 
Indians show admixture of white blood and customs allied 
to those of the Welsh; (3.) That the Venetian brothers 
Zeni came to some part of the United States in 1380. 

The North American Indians. 

45. Who were the primitive historical inhabi- 
tants of North America t 

A great number of savage tribes, who were named In- 
dians by Columbus from their fancied resemblance to the 
people of India. 

46. What was their origin t 

Many conjectures have been made but no certain knowl- 
edge has yet been gained. Among these are, that they are 
the lost tribes of Israel ; that they crossed from some Asiatic 
or European country by sailing from island to island in open 
boats; that they came from Kamchatka, via Behring's 
Strait. 

47. What hope is there of finding their 
origin ? 

The subject is very obscure, and there seems no present 
hope of discovering their origin, unless the further study of 
their language may reveal it. 

48. To what family of nations do tliej belong ? 
They have been said to belong to the Bow-and- Arrow 

family, so called because they get food by the chase, la 
distinction from those who till the soil, or those wiio raise 
flocks and herds. 



THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 17 

49. What were tlie principal nations, or fami- 
lies, anions: the Indians ? 

To tlie north of 60° were the Esquiniaux, or eaters of 
raw flesh, as the name indicates ; over the greater part of 
the United States east of the Mississippi and north of Ten- 
nessee, and in Canada were the great Algonquin family; in 
the middle of their territory, that is, about the upper St. 
Lawrence, Lakes Erie and Ontario, and the eastern shore 
of Lake Huron in Canada, were the fierce and bloody Hu- 
rons — Iroquois, including the famous five (or six) nations of 
New York ; in the south of the United States were the Cher- 
okees and the Mobilians ; to the west of the Mississippi above 
Texas and east of the Eocky Mountains, were the Dakotas; 
in Texas and extending to the far north-west were the 
Comanches and the Shoshones; in the south-west the Ath- 
oboscans ; in the Calif ornias the Californians, and to the 
north of them the Klamaths. 

50. How were these great nations subdivided ? 

Into a great number of tribes, bound together into vari- 
ous confederacies, in some things bound to those of the 
same blood and in others independent. These tribes often 
made war in common on a common enemy, and as often 
made war on each other. 

51. How did the Indians settle the affairs of 

their Confederacies ? 

The}^ settled all affairs of their confederacies at councils 
summoned by the chief of some one nation. Here, after 
long and ceremonious debates, they decided on peace or 
war, friendship or hostilities. 

52. How were tliey governed? 

Each tribe had its civil chief or sachem, whose word 



18 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

had great weight, but he was much influenced by his 
young braves. 

53. What was their personal appearance ? 

They were copper-colored, below the European in stat- 
ure, with straight, black, very coarse hair, high cheek 
bones, lithe and active bodies, small feet and hands. 

54. What were their manners and habits ? 
They were, as a rule, unsocial and solitary, sedate and 

serious, but fond at times of sports and dancing, and at all 
times of feasting, drinking and smoking. Their dwellings 
and persons were filthy beyond expression. 

55. What was their character i 

They were treacherous and cruel toward enemies, but 
faithful to friends. They never forgave an injury or for- 
got a favor. They delighted in torturing captives and 
eating their flesh ; and they would endure the most exquis- 
ite tortues with amazing fortitude. They were fond of 
freedom, and ill endured any kind of restraint. When 
their passions were aroused they were as heedless of danger 
and as merciless as wild beasts. 

56. What were their employments ? 

For the men, hunting, fishing, and war. In time of 
peace they were idle, doing next to nothing. The women 
did all the labor, domestic and in the field, and of all sorts. 

57. How were their dwellings made ? 

They lived in wigwams made by setting a circular row 
of poles in the ground, tying them together at the top, and 
covering them with mats made of the bark of trees, the 
soil itself, or the skins of animals. The fire was on the 
ground in the middle of the wigwam, the smoke escaping 
through a hole in the top. The door was an opening in 
in the side, covered with a mat or skin. 



THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 19 

58. What was tlieir clothing ? 

They wore but little clothing, only what the rigor of the 
climate compelled, and this was made of skins. 

59. What was their food ? 

Maize, potatoes, beans, squashes, and the product of 
the chase, and fish. 

60." What arts had the Indians I 

Scarcely any, and none but the lowest and rudest. 
They could make weapons of war, canoes of bark or of a 
log hollowed out by fire. Of utensils or tools they had 
next to none, nothing to take the place of chair or table, no 
beast or domestic animal. 

61. How did they make fire ? 

Fire was quickly made by rubbing two dry sticks 
together. 

62. What were their weapons ? 

The bow and arrow, tomahawk and knife of stone, and 
club. 

63. How did they make war? 

By stealing upon their enemy unawares, or lying in am- 
bush for him and attacking him suddenly, killing and 
scalping all who resisted, and carrying off all others to be 
tortured and burnt to death, or to be incorporated into their 
tribe. 

64. What was their language? 

Their language was like no other known to students of 
language ; but the dialects of the different tribes and 
nations have many resemblances. Their words are few in 
number, but very expressive, a single word often standing 
for a long phrase, as, to-kill-a-deer-with-an-arrow. 

65. What was their religion ? 



20 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

They had no idols or buildings f.or worship. They 
believed in a great Spirit and in a happy hunting-ground for 
their dead warriors. They thought that cataracts, and 
mountains and forests were spirits, and propititated them 
by offerings of tobacco and other gifts. 

66. Were there differences of civilization 
among them ( 

Some of the southern tribes were superior in some arts 
to the northern tribes. In war the five nations of New 
York were most noted ; in arts probably the Taevas of 
Louisiana. 

67. How did they at first regard the whites? 
They regarded the whites in some instances as celestial 

beings, and w^ere ready almost to worship them ; in other 
instances they at once understood them to be only men 
like themselves. 

68. How did they treat the strangers ? 

According to their differing dispositions, and the circum- 
stances of their first introduction. Some received them 
kindly and provided them with provisions and guides ; 
others with open and bitter hostility. 

69. What nations seem to have made them the 

stannchest friends i 

The French seem to have made the Indians firm and 
constant friends. The French-Indians, so called, could 
be depended on against the English or other Indians at all 
times, while those in alliance with the English often 
wavered and did them more harm than good. 

70. What was the general treatment of them 
by the three principal nations ? 

According to Parkman, the Spanish oppressed and 



THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 21 

crushed them ; the English despised and maltreated them ; 
the French embraced and cherished them. 

71. Have the Indians kept faith when faith 
has been kept with them ? 

As a rule the Indians have kept faith with all who have 
kept promises made to them, and who have in things not 
promised treated them fairly. 

72. Have the Indians improved by contact 
with white men ? 

The Indians seem to have quickly acquired the vices of 
the intruders, and especially to have fallen into habits of 
drunkenness as soon as they had tasted the "fire-water" 
of the pale-faces. \ 

73. What was their number, and what is it at 
present ? 

It is impossible to estimate their original number with 
anything like accuracy. .Their mode ^of life prevented 
anything tike a dense population. Those living east of the 
Mississippi are variously estimated as being from about 
200,000, to a much larger number. The number Within 
the United States and Territories, excluding Alaska, as re- 
ported by the Indian Bureau in 1880, is 255,938. 

Preparation for Discovery by Columbus. 

74. What is the lesiitimate date for the beo^in- 
ning of American History ? 

It has generally been held to be toward the end of the 
fifteenth century; the accounts given above move it back 
five hundred years, as they are sufficiently authentic to be 
believed in part, and appeal to our feelings so far as to be 
at least interesting. 



22 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Y5. What makes the fifteenth century one of 

great interest to the world ? 

The revival of learning and of arts all over Europe. 
Then classical literature and science began to be studied 
again, and learning of all kinds to be esteemed and pur- 
sued, and useful arts to be invented and applied to all the 
affairs of life. 

76. What was the effect of this on geographi- 
cal knowledge ? 

The effect was as great as in other departments ; the 
shape and size of the earth, the situation and extent of 
lands and waters, the art of sailing, etc. , received 'much 
attention, and so the way was in a measure prepared for 
Columbus and his fellow voyagers. 

77. How had knowledge of the earth and its 

people hitherto been obtained ? 

By travellers on land, mostly missionaries or merchants, 
with a few who had gone to distant countries for the pur- 
pose of travel. 

78. Who were some of the latter ? 

Sir John Mandeville, an Englishman, in the fourteenth 
century, and Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the latter part of 
the thirteenth century, who travelled to the far East, and 
wrote marvellous accounts of their journeys, and of the 
wonderful lands and people they had seen. 

79. What was the prevailing idea of the form 

of the earth ? 

The prevailing idea of the form of the earth was that it 
was an extended plain or flat, bounded on all sides by the 



THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 23 

80. Did others besides Columbus hold that it 
is spherical ? 

They did ; he was not the first or only one who believed 
it to be a sphere. He was the first to give a practical turn 
to his belief, and he held it more intelligently and more 
firmly than others. 

81. What were the prevailing notions about 
the size of the earth ? 

All, including Columbus, were in error in this; they 
supposed it to be only about ten thousand miles in circum- 
ference, and that by sailing about three thousand miles to 
the west they would come to the eastern side of the world. 

82. What were the two immediate objects of 
Columbus ? 

The first was scientific, to prove that the earth is a sphere; 
the second was practical, to reach by sea, and directly, those 
wonderful eastern lands, India and China, of the wealth 
and splendor of which Polo and Mandeville had written 
such glowing accounts, 

83. Did Columbus, then, really originate the 
idea of the spherical shape of the earth and of a 
western world ? 

He did not; the idea was, as we say, in the air; the time 
had come for some one to investigate and prove it, but 
some suppose, perhaps out of malice, that Columbus in his 
previous voyages had learned of the discovery of the new 
world by the Northmen, and so only revived a forgotten 
fact. 

84. Would this last fact, if true, affect the 
fame of Columbus? 

If Columbus knew that others had already sailed to 



24 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

America, his starting on such a voyage only to repeat the 
discovery would not be so wonderful a thing; but there is 
no proof that he had any such knowledge. 

85. What credit is due to Columbus ? 
However he received the idea of a western world, great 

honor is due to Columbus for the intelligence and firmness 
with which he reasoned out his great problem, and for the 
faith and patience with which he persevered, m his efforts, 
till he established the truth of his theory, by finding the 
world of whose existence he was so sure. 

86. What was the personal character of 
Columbus ? 

He was a devout Christian, a diligent student of the Bible, 
serious and earnest. Some say that he was ambitious and 
greedy of applause in all his undertakings. 

87. What stimulated him in his project ? 

He believed that it was his mission to discover the new 
world for the glory of God and the Church, and that by so 
doing he would only fulfil the prophecies of Isaiah. 

88. When and where was he born ? 

Neither the place nor the year of his birth is positively 
known; he was probably born in Genoa, Italy, in the year 
1435. 

89. To whom did he apply for assistance with- 
out success ? 

First, to his native city, Genoa; then to Henry II of Por- 
tugal ; then to Spain ; and while his theory and application 
for aid were before the court of Spain and the council of 
the University of Salamanca, he applied to Louis XI of 
France, and to Henry VII of England. 

90. Why did these refuse assistance ? 

Partly because they doubted or denied the existence of 



PRE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD. 25 

the new world, and partly because the state of their finances 
did not admit of their embarking in such enterprises. The 
Council thought the scheme of Columbus profane, if not 
blasphemous. 

91. Who did assist him ? 

As he was turning away from Spain, Ferdinand of Ara- 
gon and Isabella of Castile determined to assist him. 
Isabella offered to pledge her jewels, but money was fur- 
nished from the public treasury . 

• 92. What terms were made with Columbus ? 

He was to be admiral and viceroy of all the lands and 
seas he should find ; a tenth part of all the revenues were 
to be his, the rest going to the patrons ; and he was to bear 
an eighth part of the expenses. 

93. Do these terms suggest ambition or ava- 
rice ? 

Columbus faced all the danger of the enterprise and was 
responsible for its failure or success. He had been for 
years urging King after King to undertake the discovery of 
the new world. In view[of all these facts, he cannot be 
accused of ambition or avarice in the terms which he made 
with Ferdinand and Isabella. 

First Yoyaoe of Columbus. 

94. When did he sail ? 

He sailed from Palos the third of August, 1492, with 
three ships and one hundred and twenty men, most of 
whom joined the expedition on compulsion. 

95. What was the cost of this first expedition ? 
About $50,000 of money of the present day. It could 

not have been the cost alone, then, which made so many 



26 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

sovereigns hesitate, but doubt about the issue of the voy- 
age. 

96. What did he discover ? 

He discovered the island called Guanahani by the na- ' 
tives, called by him San Salvador, and known by the En- 
glish as Cat Island. 

97. With what ceremonies did he land ? 

He dressed in scarlet, and with the royal standard in his 
hand disembarked, threw himself on his knees, kissed the 
earth and returned thanks to God. Then rising, he drew 
his sword, waved the royal banner, and solemnly took pos- 
session of the country in the name of his royal master and 
mistress, Ferdinand and Isabella. 

98. Were such ceremonies common ? 

All the discoverers in America with some such ceremo- 
nies took formal possession of the countries they claimed 
for their Sovereigns. 

99. Were the claims so founded recognized 
by other sovereigns ? 

These claims were not recognized by other sovereigns 
although made in the same way in which their own were. 

100. How were these conflicting claims set- 
tled? 

These conflicting claims were settled only by long and 
bloody wars, extending to the time of the Revolution. 
These wars and the treaties which closed them make up 
a great part of the history till that time. 



SECOND PERIOD. 



DISCOVERIES, EXPLORATIONS AND FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 

1492—1607. 

101. When does the authentic History of 
America begin ? 

On Friday morning, August 3d, 1492, when Columbus 
first saw the land he had come to seek. 

102. What other discoveries did he make on 
this voyage ? 

Cuba, Hispaniola, and other islands. 

> 103. When did he return ? 

He left a small colony in Hispaniola, and returned with 
one ship in January, 1493. 

104. How were he and his news received ? 

He was welcomed at Palos with every demonstration of 
joy, and a public thanksgiving was offered at church for 
his safe return. His march through the country to meet 
the King and the Queen was like a triumphal procession, 
and he was received with every mark of honor by their 
majesties. 

105. How were the proofs that he had surely 
found a new world received ? 

The Indians whom he brought with him, and specimens 
of fruits, ores, etc. , convinced all that his stories were true 
and caused great wonder. 



28 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

106. What was the effect of the news of a 
new world ? 

Spain was greatly excited, and so were Portugal, France 
and England. They were jealous of the great honor which 
had fallen to Spain, and which might have been theirs i^ 
they had given more encouragement to Columbus. All 
saw at once the possible greatness of the discovery and 
made haste to share it. 

107. What other vovao:es and discoveries did 
Columbus make ? 

In 1493 he returnd to Hispaniola, explored Hayti and 
other islands, remained three years with his colony and re- 
turned to Spain. His third voyage was in 1498, in which 
he discovered South America, at the mouth of Oronoco. 
In his fourth and last voyage in 1502, he sailed along the 
coast of Central America, supposing he would find a strait 
where the isthmus of Panama is. 

108. How was he treated after his first return ? 
With great injustice and neglect. His enemies accused 

him of ambition, of cruelty, of deceiving the King, and of 
avarice ; he was sent home from his third voyage in chains. 
He was persecuted with great malignity by his enemies, 
and suffered great wrongs and undinkness. 

109. When did he die ? 

In 1506, in Seville, a city of Spain. In his coffin were 
deposited the chains he once wore as a prisoner. 

110. What seem to have been the motives of 
his enemies? 

His enemies seem to have been moved by jealousy of 
his great influence at court, while they may have had some 
cause to resent the stern and [uncompromising manner of 
dealing with all who rebelled against his authority. 



THE SECOND PERIOD. 29 

111. Did the monarch share in this persecu- 
tion ? 

The monarch s at least did not with any vigor resist the 
attack of the enemies of Columbus; they allowed these 
persecutions to go on. 

112. Was Columbus right, or were his oppon- 
ents, in reference to finding India by sailing 
west ? 

Columbus was wrong, and his opponents were right as 
to the fact that India could not be reached by sailing straight 
west. 

113. Did Columbus suppose that he had 
found Asia ? 

To the day of his death he supposed that the lands he 
had found were islands off the coast of Asia, or Asia itself. 
He supposed he had seen that continent instead of South 
America, at the mouth of the Oronoca. 

114. Did Columbus then fail of his object ? 
He did not find a route of three thousand miles to India^ 

but he found a new world just as really as if he had known 
that he had done so; and the greatness of its value, and the 
glory of finding it are not lessened by his mistake about 
what it really was. 

115. What nations took part in voyages of 
discovery and exploration ? 

The Spanish, the English, the French, the Portuguese, 
and the Dutch. 

116. What were the principal discoveries 
made by otlier Spaniards than Columbus '^ 

In 1499 Americus Vesputius, an Italian in the Spanish 



30 UNITED STATES HISTOKY. 

service, sailed to South America ; in 1512 Ponce De Leon 
discovered Florida ; in 1513 Balboa crossed the isthmus of 
Darien, and discovered the Pacific Ocean; in 1517 Grijalva 
explored the coast of Mexico, which Cortez afterward — in 
1519-1521 — conquered; in 1520 Ayllon landed in South 
Carolina, and Magellan sailed round South America, and 
was the first to sail around the world; in 1541 De Soto 
found the Mississippi river; and in 1542 Cabrillo sailed 
along the Pacific coast as far north as Oregon. 

117. What were tlie principal discoveries of 
the English ? 

They were the earliest rivals of the Spanish in the New 
World. In 1494 the Cabots discovered the North Ameri- 
can continent at Cape Breton, foui years before Columbus 
discovered the Southern Continent, and in 1498 sailed along 
the Coast of the United States as far as Albermarle Sound. 
In 1576 Martin Frobisher again sought a north-west passage; 
in 1579 Sir Francis Drake explored the Pacific coast; in 
■ 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh explored Albermarle and Pamlico 
Sounds. 

118. What were the principal discoveries of 

the French ? 

In|1506 Denys sailed up the*Gulf of St. Lawrence; in 
1524 Yerazzani sailed along the coast of the United States, 
and as far north as Nova Scotia; in 1534 Cartier explored 
and named the gulf of St. Lawrence, and the river of the 
same name as far as Montreal; in 1609 Champlain discov- 
ered Lakes Champlain and Huron; Marquette and La 
Salle also made explorations in the far west, and found 
the Mississippi, and La- Salle sailed down the river to its 
mouth in 1632. 



THE SECOND PERIOD. 31 

119. Where were the Portuguese discoveries 
and explorations chiefly made ? 

In South America. 

120. What was the principal discovery made 
by the Dutch ? 

The Dutch made but one important discovery, that of 
the Hudson river in 1609, by Hudson, an Englishman in 
the employ of the Dutch East India Company. 

121. For how long a time were these discover- 
ies and explorations made before permanent set- 
tlements were made ? 

From 1492 to 1575, that is, seventy-three years, if we 
reckon till the first permanent settlement ; from 1492 ^to 
1607, that is, one hundred and fifteen years, if we reckon 
till the first English settlement. 

122. What new route to America did an 
English sailor find ? 

Ships had gone to the Canaries, then to the West Indies, 
and then northward to the Continent. Bartholomew Gros- 
wold sailed directly across the ocean to the coast of Maine 
in 1602. 

123. What saving was made by this direct 

voyage ? 

Two thousand miles of distance was saved by this direct 
sailing for North America, 

124. What right had the Indians to the coun- 
try ? 

The same right that we have now, the right of inheri- 
tance from our forefathers. This is called a natural 
right. 



32 UXITED STATES HISTORY. 

125. What right had the disco\erei-s to the 
eoiintrj ( 

They claimed it for their respective sovereigns by right 
of discovery ; that is, they, civilized Europeans, discovered 
lands occupied hy savages, and claimed them as theirs 
because they had discovered them before other civilized 
Europeans. 

126. What nations made claim to what is now 
the United States, or parts of it i 

The English, the Spanish, the French, and the Dutch. 

127. TThat part, and by what riorht, did the 
English claim i 

By right of the discoveries of the Cabots, and the explor- 
ations of other Englishmen — Raleigh. Smith, Gilbert, etc — 
England claimed all Xorth America from Labrador to 
Florida, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. 

128. What pait and by what right did the 
Spanish claim i 

By right of the discoveries of Columbus, De Leon, and 
De S to. vrith the explorations that followed, they claimed 
all the southern part of the territory of the United States, 
under the name of Florida, and the Pacific coast, under the 
name of New Mexico. 

129. AVith what does the period of Spanish 
discovery in America end i 

The period of Spanish discoveries in America ended 
with their first permanent settlement in Florida. From 
that time their efforts and power in what is now the United 
States almost ceased. 

130. What subsequent claim did the Spanish 
make ? 



THE SECOND PERIOD. 33 

In 1565, Fernandez, looking for the Huguenot colony he 
had come to destroy, landed in Florida, and took posses- 
sion of all the continent for Philip II of Spain, and then 
laid the foundation for the oldest town in America, St. 
Augustine. ] 

131. What part, and by what right, did the 
French claim ? 

By right of Yerazzani's discovery, and those of Cartier 
and Champlain, followed by the explorations of Marquette 
and La Salle, the French claimed a large part of the 
United States — that west of the Alleghanies, as well as 
Canada. 

132. What, and by what right did the Dutch 

claim ? 

By right of the dicovery of Hudson, the Dutch claimed 
the valley of the Hudson and the Atlantic coast from the 
Connecticut River to Delaware Bay. 

133. What names did they give to their sev- 
eral claims ? 

The English called theirs, in general, New England; 
the Spanish, Florida; the French, New France, and the 
Dutch, New Netherlands. 

134. Did the claimants know what was meant 
by the phrase " from ocean to ocean " ? 

They had no idea how vast was the territory claimed, 
because they had no idea of the distance from ocean to 
ocean, except at the southern extremity of the continent. 

135. To what did these conflcting claims 
lead? 

To constant wars to maintain their claims, !^the most 



34 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

serious of which were between the French and the Eng- 
lish. 

136. What was the general location of the 
conflicting claims after a little time ? 

The French claimed the Xorth and the West; the Span- 
ish the South and the West, and the English the middle 
portion. 

137. How were the Indians regarded in this 

matter ? 

The Indians were regarded as of no account, in general, 
except as savage foes to be exterminated, or as allies or 
tools of one contending party or the other. 

138. After discovery and partial exploration, 
what was the next step toward making use of 
their discoveries i 

The next step was to take real and permanent posses- 
sion by making settlements and occupying the land. 

139. What unsuccessful attempt to settle did 
the English make ? 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert made an unsuccessful attempt to 
settle Newfoundland, in 1583; Sir Walter Raleigh at 
Roanoke, in 1583, 1585 and 1587. 

140. What unsuccessful attempts did the Span- 
ish make ? 

The Spanish made several unsuccessful attempts to 
plant colonies north of the Gulf of Mexico, particularly 
one under the lead of De Luna, in 1561. In 1568 Spanish 
settlements in Florida were destroyed by the French under 
De Gourgues, in retaliation for the massacre of French 
settlers near the same place. 



THE SECOND PERIOD. 35 

141. What unsuccessful attempts did the 
French make ? 

Cartier's first colony at Quebec, in 1541, a Huguenot — 
that is, French Protestant— colony i'n South Carolina and 
and another similar one in Florida, were failures. The 
latter was utterly destroyed and all the settlers barbarously 
massacred by Menendez, the founder of St. Augustine, 
in 1565. 

142. Where were the first permanent settle- 
ments made by these four nations ? 

The Spanish settled on the Isthmus of Darien, in 1510, 
and at St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565; the French in 
Acadia, in 1605, and at Quebec, in 1608; the English at 
Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607, and the Dutch at New York, 
in 1623. 

143. What was the general character of the 
men employed in making these discoveries ? 

They were, in general, men of bold and enterprising 
character, fond of adventure and glory. 

144. Had they personal interest in their voy- 
ages ? 

They were often made at their own cost and at their 
own risk. They were sometimes made in a spirit of rivalry 
with men of another nation, and sometimes as niere ad- 
ventures. 

145. Was the idea of finding a passage to 
India abandoned ? 

Not for a long time; In 1607 the Dutch East India 
Company, in their contract with Hudson, rigidly adhered 
to the old theory that the way to India was through 
America. 



36 r^'ITED STATES HISTORY. 

146. What were the motives of some of the 
explorers ? 

Some, as DeLeon,were searchiDg for the fountain of per- 
petual youth; more for gold, as DeSoto; others, as La 
Salle, were eager to explore for the sake of finding, and 
such as Marquette were equally ardent to convert the 
savages to Christianity. 

147. Where was gold searched for? 

Gold was searched for by all the first comers, particu- 
larly by DeSoto in the southwest, in the far north, near 
Hudson's Straits, among the Esquimaux, and in Virginia 
by its early settlers. 

148. What were some of the most wonderful 

of the exploits of these explorers i 

The wanderings of DeSoto and his band over the terri- 
tory between Florida and the Mississippi, the journey of 
La Salle and his companions from Quebec to the mouth of 
that river, and the sailing of Cartier and Champlain up 
gulf and river St. Lawrence, and of Frobisher to the 
Northern ocean, are among the most wonderful exploits of 
early American explorers. 

149. Why were the first colonies so unsuccess- 
ful? 

Partly from the character of the men, who were reckless, 
insubordinate seekers after money; partly because of their 
inadequate outfit, and neglect by those who should have 
fostered them ; and, most of all, because the proper means 
requisite for such novel undertakings were not in the 
outset fully understood. 

150. After whom was America named ? 
After Americus Yesputius, who sailed in 1499 to South 



THE SECOND PERIOD. 37 

America ; not by himself, however, or from any hostility 
to Columbus, but by a geographer who chose the name on 
his own account. 

151. What should it naturally have been 
named ? 

The country should naturally have been named from its 
great discoverer, Columbia. 

152. What effort was recently made with ref- 
erence to Columbus ? 

An effort was recently made to procure the canonization 
of Columbus, that is, that the Church of Eome should 
make him Saint Columbus. The effort was not successful. 



THIRD P 



CKMjOSUkX HKDQST 



153. Whjit is the Penod of tbe Amerieu 
I Ike foSlowin^ cea aftaiii eg ^^ft sjtuBed tfccir gnyvfk 



151^ Whjii dileg may ^ ^t^h f <Nr the aeide- 
ment of emA fxAxmyt 

155. What eokmiesdM the SpuiiBheeftJdef 

nnda at Suaft Ai^mne; w abeadf 

n- 1"^. Hub is fkerefdirc "^e ^^^ dBtlite- 

' ^ ^ 5 did the Fv^oicii desxie I 

-T'^f^rrrjaii; -was at; Port Bofal, INo^ 
atQMteeiilCKL Witk- 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 39 

157. What colonies did the Dutch settle ? 

The Dutch, settled New York and New Jersey, which 
afterwards came into the power of the English. 

158. What colonies did the Swedes settle ? 
The Swedes settled Delaware, which after came into 

possession of the English. 

159. What colonies did the English settle ? 
The English, including those who came directly from 

some part of Great Britain and those who went from En- 
glish colonies previously settled, established colonies in 
Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Con- 
necticut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, North and South 
Carolina and Georgia. 

160. What, then, was the principal icolonizing 
nation within the United States ? 

The English was the principal colonizing nation, and 
settled or soon obtained possession of the Atlantic Coast 
from the Bay of Fundy to Florida. 

161. What colonies besides those of the Eng- 
lish have had some connection with the history 
of the United States ? 

The French settlements in Nova Scotia and Canada al- 
ready mentioned ; also those of the same nation along the 
great lakes, in Illinois, and at the mouth of the Mississippi; 
also, that in Florida already mentioned, and in more recent 
times, those in Mexico and California. 

162. From this general outline of settlements, 
what nations will necessarily contend for the 
possession of North America ? 

From the fact that the English claimed most of the con- 
tinent and occupied a narrow strip along the Atlantic 



40 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Coast, and that the French also claimed the continent and 
occupied the northern part of it, and explored and in a 
manner held all the region to the west of the English colo- 
nies, it must result that these two nations will presently 
contend in arms for the continent, and it is essential to keep 
this in view from the start. 

163. What was the condition of the country 

when colonization began ? 

The coast was known, though very imperfectly ; the 
country had been explored only so far as its bays and great 
rivers showed the way, and not by any means to the full 
extent of these ; the whole was a wilderness covered with 
forests and inhabited by savage Indians. 

164. What were the inducements to colonize 

such a country ? 

Such a country offered a fine field for adventure to those 
who were tired of the monotony of a settled life in the old 
countries; it also seemed to offer an asylum for any who 
thought themselves oppressed by civil, or social, or relig- 
ious tyranny ; it also seemed to offer a home for the poor 
and a place in which all might acquire position and 
wealth. 

165. How is a new country always regarded 
by many ? 

A new country is alway attractive to large classes in an 
old country, both for the advantages it really offers, and 
simply because it is not the old country. 

166. How did the governments encourage col- 
onization ? 

The governments gave liberal grants of land to those 
who would found colonies in the new world, and these in 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 41 

time induced settlers to join them on promise of lands, 
shares in profits, etc. 

167. Why do goyernments desire to plant 
colonies ? 

Governments desire to plant colonies either to extend 
and establish their ^lory as great ruling powers, or to make 
homes for surplus population, or to make new markets for 
their products and manufactures. 

168. Which of these considerations influenced 
those who colonized America ? 

All these considerations influenced those who colonized 
America. Spain was most influenced by the desire of 
extending her power and glory; France and England were 
influenced by this consideration, and also by the two others. 

169. Who were the sovereigns of England dur- 
ing the periods of discovery and colonization ? 

The sovereigns of England were Henry VII, who died 
in 1509; Henry YIII, 1509-1547; Edward VI, 1547-1553; 
Mary, 1553-1558; Elizabeth, 1558-1603; James I, 1603-1625; 
Charles I, 1625-1649; Cromwell and the Commonwealth, 
1649-1660; Charles II, 1660-1685; James II, 1685-1688; 
William and Mary, 1688-1702; Anne, 1702-1714; George 
I, 1714-1727; George II, 1727-1760; George III, 1760-1810; 

170. Who were the sovereigns of France ? 

The sovereigns of Fran^ce were Louis XII, who died 
1498; Francis I, 1498-1547; Henry II, 1547-1559; Charles 
IX, 1560-1574; Henry III, 1574-1598; Henry IV, 1598- 
1610; Louis XIII, 1610-1643; Louis XIV, 1643-1715; 
Louis XV, 1715-1774; Louis XVI, 1774-1793. 

171. Who were the sovereigns of Spain ? 

The sovereigns of Spain were Ferdinand from 1512; 



42 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Carlos I, (Emperor Charles V,) 1516-1556: Philip^ 1556- 
1598; PhUip HI, 1598-1621; PMUp W, 1621-1665; Charles 
n, 1665-1700: Philip V, 1700-1746: Ferdinand YI, 1746- 
1759; Charles m, 1759-1788. 

172. What was the extent of the grants made 
by these sovereigns ? 

English grants were so much in width from ocean to 
ocean; French, from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mex- 
ico; Spanish, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic 
Ocean. 

173. Which were the colonies that achieved 
independence ( 

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Bhode 
Island, Xew York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
Maryland, Yiiginia, North CaroUna, South Carolina, and 
Georgia. 

174. Under what grants were the first eettle- 
ments made ? 

In 1606 James I granted to an Association of Noblemen, 
Crentlemen and Merchants, known as the London Compa- 
ny, exclusive right to occupy the country between the 
thirty-fourth and thirty-eighth parallels of latitude; and to 
an Association of Knights, Gentlemen and Merchants, 
known as the Plymouth Company, the same rights between 
the forty-first and the forty-fifth parallels. 

175. Who were to have the three degrees be- 
tween these two grants ? 

Either company might settle these three d^rees, but the 
settlement of either was to be at least a hundred miles from 
any settlement of the other. 

176. What did the first grant comprise ? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 43 

The grant to the London Company extended from about 
the middle of South Carolina northward to near the mouth 
of the Potomac river, and westward, 

177. What did the second grant comprise ? 
The grant to the Plymouth Company extended from 

near New York city to the Bay of Fundy, and westward. 

178. What did the neutral territory comprise ? 
The neutral territory extended from the mouth of the 

Potomac river to New York city, and westward. The 
Northern part was given to Penn, and became part of his 
colony of Pennsylvania; the southern part was given ta 
Lord Baltimore, and became the colony of Maryland. 

INDIVIDUAL COLONIES IN ORDER OF THEIR 
SETTLEMENT. 



YmaiNiA. 

179. When, where, and by whom was Vir- 
ginia settled ? 

Virginia was settled at Jamestown 1607, by Englishmen 
under a Patent granted to the London Company. 

180. What were the principal items of this 
Patent? 

The main items in the Patent were, that the company 
should have the exclusive right to trade in and govern the 
country called South Virginia, and that they were to be 
under the government of a council whom the King should 
appoint, and who were to chose their own President or 
Governor. 

181. Where was the supreme power ? 



44 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Over this council was another, also appointed by the 
King and residing in England, called the Superior Coun- 
cil. 

182. What were the first difficulties of the 
colony ? 

The first difficulty of the colony arose from the bad 
character of their Governor, Wingfield, and from the indo- 
lence and jealousies of the colonists. They were saved 
from ruin by John Smith, a man of energy and ability. 

1 83. Of what were the first colonists composed, 
and how did they fare ? 

The first colonists contained forty-eight gentlemen to four 
carpenters. Within four months half the colonists died. 

184. What change in the charter was made ? 
It was thought that a Governor appointed by the King 

would rule the colony better than the council residing at 
Jamestown, and this change was made in a second Charter 
granted to the same colony in 1609. 

185. Who was the first Royal Governor in 
the colonies ? 

Lord Delaware, who reached Jamestown with supplies 
in 1610, just as the colonists were about to abandon the 
place in despair from famine and sickness, which had re- 
duced their numbers from more than five hundred to about 
sixty. 

186. What was this time called? 

This was called " the starving time, " and was brought 
about, in great part by the idleness and quarrels of the 
colonists after Smith was obliged to leave them. 

18Y. What were the character and results of 

Lord Delaware's government ? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 45 

He was a wise and good governor and under him the 
colony grew and flourished. Good habits prevailed, num- 
bers increased, and other settlement were made. He was 
obliged by sickness to return to En land. 

188. What was the third charter ? 

In 1612, a third charter allowed the company to govern 
the colony in their own way. 

1 89. How was this carried into effect ? 

The company sent out one Yeardly as governor, with 
authority to allow the colonists to choose their own legis- 
lature. 

190. When did this new Legislature meet ? 
This new Legislature, the first one chosen by the people 

in America, met at Jamestown in 1619. This was the be- 
ginning of government by the people in Virginia and in 
America, and was before the Pilgrims landed in Massa- 
chusetts. 

191. What other privileges did the Company 
grant the Colonists ? 

The company next granted the colony a written consti- 
tution, which definitely gave them the right to choose their 
own legislature, the right of trial by jury, and other rights 
of Englishmen in England. 

192. What were the members of this Legisla- 
ture called ? 

The members ol this Legislature were called the House 
of Burgesses. 

193. What power had they ? 

They could pass any law they pleased ; but any law of 
theirs had no force unless approved by the Governor, whom 
they did not appoint. So they really had more privileges 
than power. 



46 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

194. How did this affect the colony ? 

The colony greatly prospered under this government. 
A better class of settlers oanie, agriculture grew, and all 
went well till 1622. 

195. What happened in that year ? 

In that year a dreadful Indian massacre occurred. The 
Indians attacked the peaceful settlements and murdered 
three hundred and sixty inhabitants. 

196. What did the settlers do? 

The settlers rose to defend their homes, and the Indians 
were defeated and driven further off into the wilderness. 
In this war the settlers were reduced from 4000 to about 
2500. 

197. What other Indian war in Virginia ? 

In 1644, the Indians again massacred the whites, which 
led to a second Indian war in which the colonists com- 
pletely subdued their savage enemies, who never after- 
wards gave them serious trouble. 

198. What change was made in the govern- 
ment after 1622 ? 

Two years after the first Indian war, in 1624, the Lon- 
don Company was dissolved, and Virginia became, and re- 
mained till the Revolution, a Royal Province, [see ques- 
tion 428] except; from 1677 to 1684, when it was under a 
Proprietary Government. 

199. How did this change come about? 

King Charles II bestowed the province for thirty-one 
3^ears upon two of his personal favorites, Lord Arlington 
and Lord Culpepper. These men used their colony only 
to enrich themselves. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 47 

200. What were the principal productions of 
Virginia during this period ? 

The cultivation of tobacco began about 1616 and soon 
became the staple product of Virginia. It was used as cur- 
ency; purchases were made, debts, salaries and taxes were 
paid with tobacco. 

201. What other use was made of tobacco ? 
The first settlers were all men; presently young women 

of good families were sent over by the company, and the 
colonist paid one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco^ 
not for the wife he married, but for her passage from En- 
gland. 

202. How were slaves brought into Yirginia ? 
A Dutch trading vessel brought twenty Negroes to 

Jamestown in 1620, the very year of the settlement of New 
England, and sold them to the Virginia farmers as slaves* 

203. How[long did slavery continue? 
Slavery thus introduced continued till it was abolished 

in 1865, by the thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States. 

204. During the civil war in England what 
class of people came to Virginia ? 

During the civil war in England in the time of Charles 
I and Cromwell, many adherents of the King, called royal- 
ists, or cavaliers, came to Yirginia. 

205. How did the people of Yirginia regard 
the contest between Charles and Cromwell ? 

The people of Virginia were staunch royalists, and hailed 
the restoration of Charles 11 with great delight. 

206. How did Cromwell treat this colony ? • 
Cromwell was displeased with the loyalty of this colony 



48 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

and took some measures to bring it to terms His attention 
was too much absorbed with affairs at home' to push them 
to extremities. 

207. What religious laws were passed? 

The Puritans were, in general, held in contempt in Vir- 
ginia. In 1643 a law was made that none who disbelieved 
the doctrines of the Church of England should teach or 
preach in the colony. Under this law Puritans were 
ejected from office, and some were driven from their 
homes. 

208. Wliat other laws were passed later? 

In 1673, Episcopacy, b}^ a more stringent law, was made 
the established religion of the colony. Laws were made, 
also, against Baptists; Quakers were fined, and in some 
instances imprisoned. 

209. What is the best excuse for this mode of 
dealing with religions offences ? 

The best excuse that can be made is that persecution 
for opinion's sake was in accordance with the spirit of the 
time, and that the Virginians, though they were English- 
men, were not above the reach of this spirit. 

21U. What happened in 1676? 

In 1676 — a hundred years before the Revolution — a re- 
I)ellion, or attempt at revolution, occurred. It was named 
from the leader. Bacon's Rebellion. 

211. What was the cause of this outbreak? 
Part of the people supposed that the rest, whom they 

called aristocrats, were oppressing them, and they rose in 
arms for their rights. They were stronger than their op- 
ponents, beat them in a fight, and burned Jamestown. 

212. What were the grievances of the people? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 4& 

The governor, Berkeley, was very strict in enforcing the 
collection of taxes, insisted on limiting the right of voting 
to freeholders and house-keepers, and that absentees from 
the worship of the Church of England should be fined 
$100 a month, all of which were in accordance with law. 

213. How did it end ? 

It ended by the death of Bacon, and the voluntary ces- 
sation of all opposition to the government after his death, 
and the hanging of twenty-two rebels. 

214. What was the character of the people of 
this colony during this period ? 

The Virginian colonists were hospitable, social and in- 
dustrious. They were lovers of liberty, but as colonists 
true to the King and government of England. The people 
generally were happy, contented and prosperous. 

215. Did this colony pay attention to educa- 
tion ? 

Many free schools were established after 1688, the year 
of the ''glorious revolution," so-called, in England. The 
College of William and Mary was established in 1692, and 
was so named in honor of the *new sovereigns whom that 
revolution placed on the throne. 

216. What was the population of Yirginia at 

the close of this period ? 

At the close of the colonial period, the population of 
Virginia was about 275,000. This was larger than that of 
any other colony. 

Massachusetts. 

217. To whom was this territory first granted ? 
The territory which included this colony had been 



50 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

granted to the Plymouth Company, who had made an un- 
successful attempt to settle in Maine. 

218. To whom was it then granted? 

A new company was formed in 1620, called the Council 
for New England, to whom the King granted all the terri- 
tory from Pennsylvania to Nova Scotia, in full property. 

219. What name had been given to it? 

It was called North Virginia in the old grant, but after 
it had been visited and partlj^ explored by the famous John 
Smith of Virginia, it had been named by him New Eng- 
land. 

220. By whom was it settled ? 

By a body of English emigrants who were called Pil- 
grims, who had separated from the English Church, and on 
account of religious dissensions and persecutions had gone 
to Holland to live. 

221. When did they come to America? 

A body of one hundred and one of these returned to 
England and embarked for America in the Mayflower. 
They landed at Plymouth and made a settlement there in 
December, 1620. 

222. How were they governed at iirst ? 

They had no charter, but on board ship they drew up 
laws by which they agreed to be governed, and chose John 
Carver, one of themselves, Governor. Thus this colony 
established the first democracy in America. 

223. What help did the Company give them ? 
The company gave them no help, merely permitting 

them to settle within their territory at their own risk and 
at their ow^n expense. 

224. How did they fare during the first year? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 51 

They met with no trouble from the Indians, built log- 
cabins, and did what they could for comfort in a climate 
to which they were not accustomed. But sickness came 
and more than half of them died before spring. 

225. Did the colony thrive ? 

Plymouth colony received more emigrants and supplies 
from England from time to time, but it grew slowly, and 
in ten years from its beginning did not number more than 
three hundred persons. 

226. How long did it continue to be a separ- 
ate colony ? 

It continued a separate colony, and independent and 
democratic in its government, till 1692, when it was united 
with the Massachusetts Bay colony, its population being 
then about 8000. 

227. What other colony in Massachusetts ? 

In 1628 a company of Puritans purchased from the 
Council for New England a tract of land extending from 
three miles north of the Merrimac R'ver to three miles 
south of the Charles River, from ocean to ocean. A com- 
pany was formed to settle this tract and King Charles gave 
them, a charter, vesting the powers of government in the 
Company in England. Settlements were at once made in 
Salem and Charlestown. 

228. What change in the government was 
made ? 

In 1630 the powers of government were transferred to 
the colony, which induced large numbers of the Puritans 
to emigrate, as many as 1500 coming in thirteen vessels 
during that year. 

229. What towns did these settle? 



52 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

These new comers settled the towns of Boston, Dorches- 
ter, Cambridge, Lynn, and others. 

230. How did this colony regard the contest 
between, Charles and Cromwell ? 

This colony, being composed of Puritans, favored Crom- 
well rather than Charles, and after the restoration gave in 
their adhesion to the latter unwillingly. 

231. How were the colonists treated by the 
new King ? 

Charles II ordered that all articles of American produc- 
tion which England wanted should be sent to England 
only, and that all articles which England produced should 
not be made in America, or sent to America from any 
other country. 

232. What changes were next made ? 

In 1686 James II abolished the charter, thus taking away 
from the colony the right of self-government. He appoint- 
ed as Governor, Sir Edward Andros. 

233. What new charter was next granted ? 

A new charter was granted by King William. This was 
not so favorable to the colonists as the original one granted^ 
by Charles. Under it the King appointed the governor, 
and the people chose their own legislature. 

234. How long did this charter continue ? 
This charter continued in force to the time of the revo- 
lution. 

235. What was the religion of this colony ? 

It was that of the Puritans, who were very strict in their 
own notions, and very intolerant of all who differed from 
them. 

236. Who had the right of voting ? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 53 

Only church members had the right of voting. This 
made a bond between religion and politics, and gave rise 
to many of the troubles of the colony. 

237. How did this resHft? 

Roger Williams was banished m 1635; in the following 
year Anne Hutchinson and the Rev. John W^heelright 
because of their religious views, or their fanaticism, were 
banished, and in 1656 Quakers were banished under penalty 
of death if they returned. The latter law was soon repealed, 
but not till four persons had been put to death. 

238. What was the difference between the 
Pilgrim and the Puritan ? 

The former separated from the Church of England, and 
for this reason was called a Separatist. He went to Hol- 
land, and then came to America, and so was called a Pil- 
grim. He desired entire separation between Church and 
State. The latter wished to purify the Church by remaining 
in it. He was not so much opposed to all union between 
the State and his own church. 

239. What is the best excuse that can be 
made for religions persecution in England ? 

The best excuse that can be made is, that religious per- 
secution was in accordance with the spirit of the time, and 
that the Puritans were not above the reach of this spirit. 

240. What Indian war had this colony ? 
They had the same contests with their Indian neighbors 

which all the colonies had, and finally a general war called 
** King Philip's war." 

241. Who assisted them in this war? 

The colonies of Connecticut and Massachusetts had 
formed M union tor mutual protection, and the two together 

fouLilit iliis war. 
4 



54 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

24:2. When was it, and what was the end ? 

It was in 1675, and it ended in the complete defeat of 
the New England Indians, who never after seriously dis- 
turbed the colonies. More than six hundred whites per- 
ished in it, and more than a thousand Indians. 

243. What was the great fi^ht in this war? 
The great fight in this war was in Rhode Island, and is 

known as the Great Swamp Fight, from the fact that the 
Indians, having taken refuge in a swamp, were surrounded 
by the colonists and nearly all put to death. 

244. What was the Salem Witchcraft? 

In 1692 some children in Salem were attacked with a 
singular disease which was attributed to their being 
bewitched by certain old women, who were the agents of 
the devil. Many persons were executed for this supposed 
crime, and all the inhabitants for a time seem to have 
believed in its reality, 

245 . When was the first printing press brought 
to America ? 

The first printing press in America was that brought to 
Boston in 1678. 

246. What was the first publication ? 

The first publication was a public almanac for 1679. 
The first book was a translation of the Psalms into English 
verse. 

24Y. What was the condition of Massachusetts 
at the close of this period ? 

Massachusetts numbered about 210,000 at the close of 
this period; it had many thriving towns and villages, an 
industrious and frugal po; ulation, schools and churches in 
every village, and a college in Cambridge, founded in 
1678. 



the third period. 55 

New Hampshire. 

248. When, where, and by whom was New 
Hampshire settled ? 

Settlements in New Hampshire were made in 1623, at 
Dover and Portsmouth, under Sir Ferdinand Gorges and 
John Mason, and after this date at other places, 

249. Under what grant were these made ? 
First, the two just mentioned obtained a grant from the 

Council for New England of the territory between the 
Merrimac and the Kennebec rivers, to the river of Caoada, 
the St. Lawrence. Subsequently the two dissolved part- 
nership, and Mason alone obtained a grant of the territory 
between the Merrimac and the Piscatagua. 

250. What were the difficulties and conditions 
of these settlements ? 

The territory was divided among many proprietors, 
which led to conflicting claims; the Indians were very 
troublesome, and the settlem^ents remained feeble and 
unprosperous. 

251. To what course did this condition of 
affairs lead ? 

In 1641 the colony, at its own request, was taken under 
the care of Massachusetts, and so remained till 1680. when 
it was made a separate Royal Province. 

252. How was it ruled ? 

At first by its proprietors; and then by a governor ap- 
pointed by the King and a legislature chosen by itself. 

253. How did it fare when Andros was gover- 
nor of New England ? 

When Andros was governor it fared like all the New 



56 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

England colonies; that is, it lost its liberties and was 
oppressed by this ''Tyrant of New England." 

254. What was done when he left ? 

When Andros departed in 1688, the people took the 
power into their own hands, and put themselves again 
under the care of Massachusetts, and so continued till 1741, 
when it again became a Eoyal Province, and remained so 
till the revolution. 

255. From what cause did this colony speci- 
ally suffer ? 

This colony suffered more from the Indians than any 
other New Engand colony. During all the colonial wars 
they were exposed to the merciless attacks of the savages 
within their own border and from Canada. 

256. What was the character of this colony ? 
The people of this colony resembled those of the other 

New England colonies in being lovers of liberty, hardy, 
intelligent, and courageous. 

257. What was the population at the time of 
the revolution ? 

New Hampshire had but a small population compared 
with the other colonies, numbering only about 53,000 at 
the time of the revolution. 

New York. 

258. Who discovered New York Harbor and 

Island? 

Henry Hudson, in the service of the Dutch discovered 
New York, and the country was named New Netherlands. 

259. How ic<. did the Dutch claim ? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 57 

They claimed the country from the Connecticut River 
to the Delaware. 

260. What settlements did they make ? 

The Dutch made a settlement in 1623, purchasing the 
island now called New York of the Indians for twenty- 
four dollars, and naming it Manhattan. The settlement 
was called New Amsterdam. In 1624, they made another 
settlement at Fort Orange, now Albany. 

261. How did the Dutch and the Pilgrims 

regard each other ? 

The Dutch and the Pilgrims were great friends. They 
were alike exiles by reason of persecution. The Dutch 
freely invited the English to settle in the valley of the Con- 
necticut, which they claimed as theirs. 

262. What was the principal trade of the 

Dutch in New York ? 

The Dutch were engaged in the fur trade, and prospered 
greatly by this traffic. 

563. Who were some of the Dutch Gov- 
ernors of New York ? 

Cornelius May, Peter Minuet, William Kieft, and Wou- 
ter Yan Twiller, and, last and best, Peter Stuyvesant. 

264. How did this colony prosper ? 

The colony grew slowly but steadily. In 1664, they 
numbered about 10,000. 

265. What other nation claimed this terri- 
tory? 

The English claimed this territory by right of discovery 
by the Cabots. 

266. How was this claim prosecuted ? 



58 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

King Charles granted it to his brother, the Duke of York, 
who took armed possession of it in 1664, and it was thence" 
forth an English colony named from its proprietor, New 
York, with the exception of one year, 1673, when the 
Dutch again obtained possession. 

267. How was it governed ? 

The proprietor sent out Edward Andros — already men" 
tioned as governor of New England— who ruled it for 
eight years in the interest of his master. 

268. What change was made in 1683? 

In 1683, the Duke granted the colonists permission to 
choose their own legislature, as others were doing. 

269. What important treaty was made in 

1684? 

In 1684, a treaty was made at Albany with the Iroquois, 
or five nations, by the governors of Virginia and New 
York. These tribes resisted all attempts of the Jesuits 
and French Indians from Canada, and so remained a pro- 
tection to the Dutch and English settlers on the Hudson 
and the Mohawk. 

270. When the Dnke of York became James 
II, what did he do ? 

James II did with this colony as with the others; that 
is, took away their right of self, government and ruled 
them harshly. 

271. How was New York ruled for a short 
time? 

For two years, 1686 — 1688, New York was governed by 
a Deputy under Sir Edmund Andros, as a province of 
New England. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 59 

272. What happened during King William's 
reign ? 

The people, headed by one Leisler, drove out King 
James' governor, and till a new one sent by William should 
arrive he, Leisler, assumed to be governor. He was ar- 
rested and tried by the new governor, Slaughter, on his 
arrival and condemed to death for treason. His execution 
made a lasting feud among the people, some of whom, 
favored Leisler, while others demanded his death. 

2Y3. Had New York a charter ? 
New York had no charter, but was a Royal Province 
from 1689 to the Revolution. 

274c, Did the colony choose any of its own 
oflBcers ? 

New York chose its own Legislature. 

2Y5. How then could it suffer ? 

It suffered through the governors sent by the King, who 
were not responsible to them, but directly to the King. 
No laws could be passed without the governor's consent; 
that is, practically without the King's consent. 

276. How did the colony fare with the In- 
dians ? 

This colony had no serious trouble with the Indians on 
its own account ; there were massacres of whites, as in 
other colonies, but no. general war arose against the Indians 
of their own territory. Indeed, the Iroquois rather helped 
them in defending the colony from attacks by other Indians, 
because these were their enemies and they were constantly 
fighting against them. 

277. What was the condition of New York 
after the English rule began ? 



60 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

New York grew rapidly in population and wealth. 
Settlements were not made far into the interior, but along 
the Hudson and Lakes Champ] ain and Ontario, and up the 
Mohawk, towns and forts sprung up. 

278. Did New York hold slaves ? 

New York like the other colonies held slaves till after 
the Revolution. 

279. What was the Negro Plot of New York ? 
In 1741 there was fear of a plot among the negro slaves 

to rise and massacre the people and burn the city. A great 
panic followed, but it could never be proved that there was 
any foundation for the fear which prevailed. 

280. What was the action of this colony about 
religion ? 

This colony allowed all religions and did not persecute 
any. The people were not so strictly religious as those of 
New England and Maryland. 

281. Were the people of this colony in favor 
of popular government ? 

The people of this colony were always and strongly in 
favor of popular government. They were among the most 
strenuous to demand the power of making their own laws 
and choosing their own rulers. 

282. What was the population at the time of 
the Revolution ? 

The population of New York at the time of the Revolu- 
tion was about 200,000. 

Maryland. 

283. Who was the founder of Maryland? 

Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, an English Catholic, 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 



61 



and a peer of Ireland, was the founder of Maryland. 

284. What were the circumstances of its set- 
tlement ? 

King James I had given Calvert part of the island of 
Newfoundland and he had attempted to found a colony 
there; but not being successful he asked from the King 
a grant in a warmer climate, and his successor, Charles I, 
was about to give him the desired grant. But Lord Balti- 
more dying, the grant was given to his son, who bore the 
same title, and he with his two brothers fitted out two small 
ships for the new colony, which in the grant was named 
Maryland. 

285. What was to be their relation to the 
colony in Virginia ? 

By the terms of the grant, Maryland was to be indepen- 
dent of Virginia. 

286. When and wliere did they settle ? 

After visiting Governor Harvey of Virginia, and receiv- 
ing of him a present of cattle and poultry, they sailed to 
the Potomac, bought land of the Indians, founded a village 
which they called St. Mary's, in 1634, and immediately 
began to cultivate the soil. 

287. Who were the immigrants ? 

The immigrants were mostly Catholic English gentle- 
men and their families. 

288. Why did they wish to leave England ? 

They wished to leave England on account of the perse- 
cution of their religion, just as before the Puritans and 
Pilgrims had desired to leave because they were in religious 
difficulties. 

289. How was the colony begun ? 



62 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

After the purchase of land from the Indians, a cross 
was planted on the spot which they meant to settle. 

29(». How does the historv of tliis colony difEer 
from that of most othei's i 

The colonists in Maryland did not suffer at all from 
hunger and want, a crop being raised the first year; there 
were no serious troubles from the Indians within the state; 
the inhabitants from the start were peacefuL industrious 
and happy. 

291. AVhat pecnliai' difficulties arose ? 

Two serious diflSculties arose, however, — the one Clay- 
borne's Rebellion, and the other religious. 

292. What was Clayborne's Eebellion/f 
Claybome, a Virginian, had obtained license to trade 

in the country, and he refused to acknowledge the author- 
ity of the governor of Maryland: he defended himself by 
armed parties whowere met by the militia of the colony 
and beaten. 

293. What were the laws relating to re- 
ligion ? 

Religious freedom was guaranteed by an act passed by 
the Maryland ^Assembly in 1649. By this, no i)erson believ- 
ing in the fundamental doctrines of Christianity should be 
distressed in any way on account of religious opinion. 

294. What did the colony do in time of 
Cromwell ? 

In 1654. the colony acknowledged the authority of Crom- 
well, and elected a Protestant Legislature, which disfran- 
chised Catholics and deprived them of the protection of the 
laws. 

296. Tc what did this lead ? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 63 

The Catholics took up arms for their rights; a fight en- 
sued, in which fifty Catholics were killed or 'wounded. 
Three of their leaders were tried by court-martial and exe- 
cuted. 

296. What followed this ? 

For two years after this there were two governments, 
one Catholic and one Protestant, ^with divided authority. 

297. What happened on the restoration of 

Charles II ? 

On the restoration of Charles II, all former rights were 
restored. 

298. What further religions trouble arose ? 

Again in 1691, in the reign of William and Mary, re- 
ligious toleration was abolished, and the Episcopal Church 
was established by law and supported by taxation. This 
led to further religious disturbances. But in 1715, the for- 
mer spirit of toleration prevailed. 

299. What was the government of this 
colony ? 

Maryland was governed by a charter granted by Charles 
I, The Proprietor appointed a governor, and the colony 
chose an Assembly or Legislature. 

300. What modifications of this government 
were made ? 

On the death of Cromwell, the Burgesses, or Legislature, 
assumed all power, but when Charles II became King, the 
rights of the proprietors were restored to the heir of Lord 
Baltimore. In 1691, King William made it a Royal 
Province, but ia 1716 the former government was restored 
and continued till the Revolution. 



64 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

301. What was the character of the charter 
of this colony ? 

The charter of this colony was very liberal. Besides 
the usual provision for the right of self-government, it pro- 
vided for the full liberty of religious belief, and the people 
were to pay no taxes. 

302. What was the character of the people ? 
The people of Maryland were intelligent; free schools 

and public libraries were established by law in all the par- 
ishes; like all the colonies the}^ held slaves, and like all 
they loved liberty. 

303. For what is this colony distino-uished 
among all the colonies ? 

This colony, together with Rhode Island, is distinguish- 
ed among all the colonies for its early and explicit declara- 
tion of liberty of conscience. While Massachusetts was 
really making Puritanism the religion of the colony, and 
Virginia was establshing the Episcopal Church to the ex- 
clusion of all others, Maryland had declared full liberty 
of religious opinion. 

304. Did the colony prosper ? 

This colony grew rapidly from the start, increasing 
more in six months than Virginia did in six years. The 
population in 1776 was about 225,000. 

305. What was the principal production ? 
The principal production of this colony, as of Virginia, 

was tobacco, and it was used for the same general pur- 
poses, a State House being built at a cost of 40,000 pounds 
of this article. 

CONIS^ECTICUT. 

306. To whom was Connecticut first granted? 
Connecticut was granted in 1630 to the Earl of War- 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 65 

wick, by the Council of New England or , Plymouth. 
This was transferred in 1631 to Lords Say and Seal, and 
Brooke, and others. 

307. How was Connecticut settled ? 
Connecticut was settled by emigi'ants from Massachusetts,. 

who were attracted there by accounts of the fertile land sin 
the valley of the Connecticut river. 

308. When and where was. the settlement 

made ? 

In 1635 and 1636 two companies of more than a hun- 
dred settled at Windsor, and Hartford and Weathersfield. 

309. How did they reach the new country ? 
They followed the compass and went on foot through 

the forest driving their cattle before them. 

310. What was the colony called? 

The first colony was called the Connecticut colony, and 
was under the protection of Massachusetts. 

311. Were these the first white men in Con- 
necticut ? 

Some Dutch traders had established a fort and trading- 
post before this near Hartford, but these emigrants from 
Massachusetts were the first true settlers. There were 
disputes between the English and the Dutch, but the Eng- 
lish made good their claim and held the country. 

312. What other colonies were founded in 

Connecticut ? 

In 1632 a colony was founded at Saybrook, near the 
mouth of the Connecticut River, and in 1638 another 
colony of Puritans from Enghind settled in New Haven. 
There were thus three colonies within the present state of 
Connecticut. 



66 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

313. Did these colonies continue separated? 

In 1644 the Saybrook Colony was united with the Con- 
necticut Colony under a charter from Charles II. There 
were then two colonies till 1665, when they were joined 
into one by King Charles II. 

314. What was the government of these 
colonies ? 

At first they had been subject to Massachusetts, but in 
1639 they began to govern themselves, without a charter 
or any other authority from the King. They lived under 
their own constitution till Charles II gave a charter to the 
United Colonies in 1665. 

315. How did this colony regard the restora- 
tion of Charles II ? 

This colony hastened to recognize Charles II as King. 

316. How did they get their charter ? 

The best men in the colony made a charter such as they 
would like, and sent Mr. Winthrop to London to induce 
the King to sign it. 

31Y. How did he succeed ? 

Through the assistance of Lord Say, and others, and 
through his own adroitness, Mr. Winthrop induced the 
King— Charles II — to sign the charter just as it had been 
written in Hartford. 

318. What was the character of this charter ? 
This charter was very liberal, the most so of any granted 

to any American colony. It confirmed the laws under 
which the people had governed themselves, and allowed 
them to choose their own governor and legislature.' 

319. How did this charter come to an end ? 

It was annulled by James II, but when Sir Edmund 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 6Y 

Andros was sent to take it away from the colony, it was 
hidden in the famous ''Charter Oak," at Hartford. All 
the privileges it bestowed, however, were forbidden by the 
King and his governor, 

320. How did King William treat the colony? 

King William restored the charter government of Con- 
necticut, and it remained in force till the revolution, and 
even after. 

321. What Indian war of its own had Connec- 
ticut ? 

Connecticut had the usual Indian massacres and occa- 
sional fights with the tribes. In 1637 the Connecticut col- 
ony waged a fierce war with the Pequot tribe, who were 
exterminated at the Mystic river where the town of Groton 
now stands. In this fight was the famous Captain John 
Mason, of colonial history. 

322. *What was the character of the people of 

Connecticut ? 

The people of Connecticut were very much like their 
neighbors of Massachusetts. They were strict in their lives, 
fond of liberty, and devoted to religion and education. 
They did not persecute others as the Massachusetts colony 
did, and they were, on the whole, less stern and rigid in 
their opinions and demeanor, 

323. What college was established in this 
period ? 

Yale College was founded at Saybrook in 1701, and 
afterward removed to New Haven. 

324. Did the colony prosper ? 

The Connecticut colonies grew and prospered, number- 
ing 200,000 at the time of the revolution, 



68 united states history. 

Rhode Islaj^d. 

325. What led to the settlement of Rhode 

Island ? 

Religious persecution drove Roger Williams from Massa- 
chusetts, as it had previously made him leave Old England 
to come to New England. 

326. Who was Roger Williams ? 

Roger Williams was a Welshman by birth, a scholar by 
education, and a staid dissenter in religion, of the faith now 
held by Baptists. 

327. What is peculiar about the baptism of 
Williams? 

Williams had been baptized in infancy, but afterward 
becoming convinced that this was not valid, was baptized 
by a layman, Ezekiel Holleman, who was then himself 
baptized by Williams. 

328. When and where was it settled ? 

It was settled by Williams and a few friends frorar 
Massachusetts, at Providence, in 1636. 

329. What principle did Williams proclaim 
for his new colony ? 

Williams said that all Christian people should be pro- 
tected in their beliefs. 

330. What was the result of this ? 

The result of this was that his new colony became the 
asylum for all who thought themselves oppressed in the 
other colonies. 

331. How were they governed at first ? 

They were governed at first by an agreement that t') v 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 69 

would submit to such regulations as the majority should 
make. 

332. What was done in 1641 about the 
government of the colony ? 

In 1641 a public meeting was held to frame a Constitu- 
tion, in which it was declared that the government was in 
the hands of the whole body of freemen, a majority of 
whom should rule, and that liberty of conscience in all 
particulars should be respected. 

333. What was the government after this ? 
Other bands of emigrants from other colonies settled at 

Portsmouth and Newport, and in 1643 Williams went to 
England and obtained a charter from Parliament for the 
united colony, and under this charter the people elected 
their own governor and legislature. This charter was con- 
firmed in 1654. 

334. What was the next Charter ? 

In 1663 King Charles II gave the colony a Royal Char- 
ter, confirming all its privileges and naming the colony the 
** Rhode Island and Providence Plantations." 

335. How long did this charter continue in 
force ? 

This charter was lost during the rule of Andros, but 
was restored by William and continued in force till the 
Revolution, and even long after Rhode Island became a 
State in the Union. 

336. Did Rhode Island join in any persecu- 
tions ? 

Rhode Island refused to persecute the Quakers at the 
request of the other colonies, and allowed in all respects 
the perfect religious liberty she proclaimed. 



YO UXITED STATES HISTORY. 

337. What was the condition of Rhode 
Island at the time of the Revolution ? 

Rhode Island grew steadily; religion and education 
prospered; Brown University was founded in 1764; the 
population at the Revolution was about 50,000. 

33S. In what is Rhode. Island famous in 
history ? 

Rhode Island, with Maryland, was the first of all the 
states to make a legal declaration of liberty of conscience, 
and to guarantee freedom of faith and worship to all with- 
out exception. All that Rhode Island required was obedi- 
ence to her civil laws 

339. How does Rhode Island compare with 

Maryland in this respect ? 

Rhode Island declared religious liberty by law at an 
earlier date than Maryland, the former in 1641 and the lat- 
ter in 1649. But the charter of Maryland, given to Lord 
Baltimore by King Charles I in 1629, declared that no 
preference was to be given to any creed, and Roger Will- 
iams made the same declaration when he and his few 
followers left Massachusetts. 

340. What is remarkable about these declara- 
tions ? 

It is remarkable that so similar declarations should be 
made about the same time by a Roman Catholic and a 
strict dissenting Protestant. 

New Jersey. 

341. In what territory was Xew Jersey in- 
cluded? 

New Jersey was included in the territory of New 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 71 

Netherlands, but the Duke of York in 1664 ceded a large 
part of it to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and 
this was made a separate colony under the mame of New 
Jersey. 

342. When and where was it settled ? 

It was settled by Englishmen from Long Island and 
New England, led by Philip Carteret, at Elizabeth in 
1664. The Dutch had previously settled in several places 
near New York. 

34:3. What government was established by 
the Proprietors ? 

The Proprietors gave the colony a very liberal charter, 
by which equal rights were secured to all religions. It 
was to be ruled by a governor and council appointed 
by the Proprietors. 

344. What hindered the full prosperity of 

the colony ? 

In 1674 Lord Berkeley sold his part to a Quaker com- 
pany, and in 1681 Carteret sold his part to another company 
of Quakers. These shifting proprietorships made titles to 
lands uncertain, and gave rise to many disputes. 

345. How did James II treat the colony ? 
James II consolidated all the colonies from Maine to 

Delaware in 1685, and put all under the rule of Andros, 
But James's reign came to an end before Andros had time 
to interfere seriously with the liberties of New Jersey. 

346. How were the parts of the colony again 
united ? 

In 1702 the two parts were united into one province 
under the governor of New York, with a separate legisla- 
ture of its own down to 1738. 



72 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

347. What change was then made ? 

At the request of the people a governor of this colony- 
was appointed, and it continued to be a Royal Province to 
the time of the Revolution. 

348. How did this colony fare with the 

Indians ? 

There were no special troubles with the Indians of this 
colony. 

349. How did the colony prosper ? 

The colony grew rapidly, the soil being fertile and the 
climate favorable. 

350. What was the character of the people ? 

The people, being mostly Quakers and Scotch, were in- 
dustrious and frugal, intelligent and religious, lovers of 
liberty like their neighbors. 

351. What was the population at the time of 
the Revolution ? 

The population was about 100,000. 

352. What ideas prevailed in the laws of 

New Jersey ? 

Men of all races and religions were to be equal before 
the law: no rank or wealth conferred superiority on 
any : taxes were to be voted by the people. 

353. For what is this colony specially in- 
teresting ? 

This colony is interesting because here New England 
and the South, the Puritan and the Cavalier came near 
each other. It is considered fortunate that just here were 
many peaceful Quakers, both in this colony and Pennsyl- 
vania. 



the third period. 73 

The Carolinas. 

354. By whom was Carolina first settled ? 

Thirty Huguenots, that is French Protestants, had been 
left in 1562 at Port Royal by Jean Ribaut, and these built 
a fort there. From want of common prudence and dis- 
sensions, famine soon compelled them to build a rude ship 
and set sail for France, which they reached after incredi- 
ble sufferings on the voyage. 

355. By whom had other attempts been made 

to settle Carolina ? 

Charles I had given a grant of the territory to Sir 
Robert Heath in 1630. Neither Sir Walter Raleigh nor he 
succeeded in making a settlement. 

356. Who made the first settlement ? 

Dissatisfied Virginians, obtaining leave to explore and 
trade, made a settlement about 1651, and in 1661 Puritans 
from New England made another. There were independ- 
ent settlers, or adventurers, who lived for a time without 
any government. 

357. To. whom was the territory granted after- 
ward ? 

In 1663 Charles II gave to Lord Clarendon a grant of 
all the land between Virginia and the St. John's, in 
Florida. 

358. What settlers came ? 

In 1665 Englishmen from Barbadoes were added to the 
Colony; they purchased the site of the previous settlement 
of the Puritan Colony which the Indians had compelled 
them to abandon. 



Y4 ryiTED states htstoky. 

359. l^hat was the territoiy in which these 
gettlements were inclnded called i 

This part of the territory was afterward called North 

Carolina. 

360. By whom was the name Carolina given 

to the territory ? 

The whole territory had heen named Carolina by John 
Elba Jt, a Frenchman who had visited it in 1562. 

361. When was South Carolina settled ? 
In 1670 other Englishmen settled in Charleston. 

362. How long did these remain one colony ? 
These two were one colony till 1729, when they were 

divided into two colonies. 

363. What was the government of this 
colony i 

A '-Grand Model" for the government of this colony 
was devised by John Locke, an English Philosopher, 
which was totally different from any government yet tried 
in the colonies. 

364. What were its main features f 

Carolina was to be divided into districts, each with its 
orders of nobility, such as dukes, earls, knights, etc. ; 
political rights and power were to depend on wealth in 
land; office was to be beyond the reach of the conmion 
people. It was, in short, to make a sort of colonial feudal 
aristocracy in the wilderness of Carolina. 

365. What became of it ? 

It was soon given up, though beantifal enough in 
theory, as entirely inappropriate to a people struggling 
for very existence in a new country. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 73 

366. What government followed it ? 

After this * ' Grand Model " was abandoned, the people 
were allowed, as in other colonies, to choose their own Leg- 
islature, while Governors were appointed by the Proprietors. 

367. To whom did Clarendon sell his rights ? 
Lord Clarendon was so chagrinned at the failure of his 

scheme of government and at the course of the colonists in 
respect to it, that he sold his rights in 1680 to Seth Sothel 
and others. Sothel was sent out as Governor, and he was, 
probably, the most infamous and tyrannical Governor any 
American colony had. 

368. What settlers came to North Carolina ? 
In 1707—1710, many French Protestants and German 

Lutherans came to North Carolina, and under better gov- 
ernors the colony grew. 

369. How did this colony fare with the 
Indians ? 

The Indians murdered many settlers in 1711, and the 
two colonies joined forces and after the usual massacres 
and lights defeated them. 

370. How did the Northern colony prosper ? 
Notwithstanding the Grand Model and the Indians and 

Seth Sothel, North Carolina grew in wealth and numbers. 

371. What was the intellectual and religious 
condition of the people ? 

But little attention was paid for some time to education 
and religion. There was no clergyman till 1703, no church 
built till 1705^ and no printing-press till 1754. 

372. What was the character of the people ? 
The people were brave and hardy, and intensely hated 

all forms of tyranny. 



76 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

373. How was the government changed ? 

In 1729, King George II bought the province from the 
Proprietors and made it a Royal Province, and it remained 
such till the Revolution. 

374. How did its population increase ? 

Many emigrants came from the northern colonies, as 
well as from Europe ; the population at the time of the 
Revolution was about 260,000. 

375. What people came to South Carolina ? 
Many Dutch from New York, Huguenots from France, 

as well as English and Scotch, came to South Carolina, 
and many slaves were brought in at an early date. 

376. When did the culture of rice begin? 
Rice, one of the chief productions of South Carolina, 

was cultivated first in 1694. 

377. What trouble arose with Florida ? 
South Carolina bordering on Spanish Florida, the two 

colonies were involved in the wars between Spain and 
England. 

37S. What trouble arose with the Indians ? 

A general Indian war broke out in 1715, in which all 
the tribes in the province joined. They were completely 
defeated by the Colonial troops. 

379. What was the government of South Car- 
olina ? 

The government of this colony was the same as that of 
North Carolina ; that is, after the Grand Model was aban- 
doned a governor was appointed by the Proprietors and a 
legislature was chosen by the people, till 1729, when it be- 
came a Royal Province and a governor was appointed by 
the Kinsr. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. YY 

380. What action did South Carolina take 
about religion ? 

A law was passed establishing the Church of England 
in the colony and disfranchising dissenters. The disfran- 
chising law was soon annulled, though the Episcopal re- 
mained the religion of the State. 

381. What elements made up the population 
of South Carolina ? 

The population of this colony was more mixed than in 
most of the others, being made up of Huguenots, Scotch 
Presbyterians, Englishmen of all faiths, Irish and Dutch. 

382. What was the character of the people ? 
The South Carolinians were ardent lovers of liberty, 

polite in social intercourse, honorable in all their dealings, 
less severe and formal, but not less truthful and patriotic, 
than their fellow- colonists at the north. 

383. What was the population at the time of 
the Revolution ? 

The population at the time of the Revolution was about 
175,000. 

Delaware. 

384. By whom was Delaware settled ? 
Delaware was settled by a company of Swedes and 

Finns, led by Peter Minuit, former governor of New 
Netherlands. 

385. Where was the settlement made ? 

The settlement was made in the northern part of the 
State, and was named Christiana, in honor of the Queen 
of Sweden. 

386. How did this Swedish settlement prosper ? 
Such glowing accounts were sent home of the pleas- 



78 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

antness and fertility of New Sweden, that immigrants came 
in large numbers. 

387. How did the Dutch view this settlement ? 
The Dutch claimed the territory, and were not pleased 

at the intrusion of the Swedes. 

388. To whom was Delaware afterward 
granted ? 

In 1682 the Duke of York granted Delaware to William 
Penn, this being part of the grant made to him when the 
Dutch power in New York ended. 

389. How was it governed ? 

This colony was at first under the same government as 
Pennsylvania, and was called *' The Territories." A large 
part of its population were Quakers. 

390. What change was made in the govern- 
ment ? 

In 1703, at their own request, Penn allowed Delaware 
a legislature of its own, and this continued to the time of 
the Revolution. That is, it was under the Governor of 
Pensylvania, but had its own legislature, after 1703. 

391. What was the character of the people of 
this colony? 

No more cheerful, intelligent, patriotic people were 
found in any colony than in Delaware. 

Pennsylvania. 

392. By whom was Pennsylvania founded ? 
Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, who had 

previously been interested in the colony of New Jersey. 

393. Who was Penn ? 

Penn was an educated and wealthy English Quaker, 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 79 

who had been disinherited and imprisoned for his religious 
opinions. 

394. How did he obtain possession of this 
territory ? 

He obtained a grant of the land from King Charles II. 
in payment of a debt due him from the crown, and after- 
ward, by a treaty, purchased the land a second time of the 
Indians. 

395. When and where was it settled ? 

It was settled at Philadelphia, in 1682, by English 
Quakers; but there were settlers within the territory before 
this time, Dutch and Swedes. 

396. "What was the object of Penn in obtain- 
ing this grant ? 

He was greatly encouraged by the success and happi- 
ness of his people — the Friends or Quakers — in New Jersey 
and Delaware, and desired to found a Commonwealth in 
which all might find a home, free from all restraint and 
persecution on account of their religion. '*I will found/' 
he said, **a free colony for all mankind." 

397. How did he deal with the Indians ? 

His deputy, William Markham, had already purchased 
the land and made a treaty with the Indians. Penn him- 
self gathered the Indians under a great elm, and in a short 
speech assured them that the treaty would be sacredly 
kept. Each believed and trusted the other, and each kept 
his word. 

398. What was the government of this colony ? 

It was governed by a Deputy appointed by the Proprie- 
tor and a Legislature of it^ own choice, and Penn gave his 
colonists large liberties, conceding all they could desire for 
the most popular goverment. 



so UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

399. How long did this government continue ? 

This government continued to the time of the Revolu- 
tion, with the exception of a short period, when it was 
under the Governor of New York. The propietorship re- 
mained in the hands of Penn's descendants till that time. 

400. How did the colony prosper under this 

management ? 

This colony grew and prospered steadily from the start. 
Penn always treated the settlers with the greatest liberality, 
and the3^ increased in numbers and wealth. 

401. Did the Indians observe the treaty ? 

The peace made with Penn by the Indians remained un- 
hroken so long as the colony was under Penn's govern- 
ment. Not a drop of Quaker blood was ever shed by an 
Indian, it has been said. 

402. What boundary line gave trouble ? 

The boundary between this colony and Maryland was 
long unsettled, but in 1761 it was determined by two sur- 
veyors, named Mason and Dixon. 

403. What was the population at the time of 
the Revolution ? 

The population was about 370,000, being second only to 
that of Virginia. 

404. What disposal was made of Penn's inter- 
est when it became an independent State ? 

At the close of the Revolution, the State of Pennsylva- 
nia purchased the interest of Penn's heirs for |538,000. 

405. With what Kings does Penn seem to have 
been a favorite ? 

Penn seems to have been a favorite with the Stuart 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 81 

Kings, but not with William and Mary. He was sus- 
pected of disloyalty to William, but the charge against him 
was not proved. 

Georgia. 

406. How was Georgia founded ? 

King George II, in 1732, granted to James Ogelthorpe 
and others the territory between the Savannah and the 
Altamaha rivers, for twenty-one years in trust for the poor. 

407. Who was James Ogelthorpe ? 

James Ogelthorpe was an Englishman of high social 
position, of good education, who had been a soldier and 
a member of Parliament. Above all, he was a philan- 
thropist. 

408. Who were meant by the poor mentioned 
in his grant of land ? 

By the poor were meant men who were unable to pay 
their debts, and who by the laws of England were im- 
prisoned. 

409. How does this grant differ from other 
grants in America ? 

This was a grant of land in trust for others; grants 
were, in general, bestowed on persons for their own ad- 
vantage. 

410. Why did the King make this grant ? 

The King made this grant at the solicitation of Ogel- 
thorpe, who desired to found an asylum for the oppressed 
of his own land and of other lands. The King, in making 
it, assisted in carrying out the benevolent designs of a kind 
man. 

411. When and where was the colony settled? 
In 1733, Ogelthorpe himself, with a hundred debtors re- 
leased from prison, settled Savannah. 



82 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

412. Would sucli men make good colonists ? 
These men were not criminals ; they were unfortunate 

men who were struggling with poverty. 

413. Who besides these came to Georgia ? 
There came also to the new colony German and Swiss 

Protestants, who settled a town called Ebenezer. Scotch 
Highlanders also came. In 1734 Ogelthorpe made a visit 
to England and returned with three hundred more settlers, 
many of whom were Moravians. 

414. How did the Indians receive this colony ? 
The Indians, from far and near, made the new comers 

welcome and the most friendly relations grew up between 
the Indians and the whites. 

415. What trouble arose ? 

Georgia, being so near to Spanish territory, was soon in- 
volved in the European wars of Spain and England. 

416. What part did he take ? '^^. 
In 1739 Ogelthorpe made a raid into Florida, from which 

he was compelled to retreat. The Spanish, in turn, in- 
vaded Georgia and were beaten by Ogelthorpe. 

417. What distinguished preachers came to 
Georgia ? 

John and Charles Wesley and George Whitfield came 
to Georgia, and the latter founded an asylum for orphans 
at Savannah. John Wesley staid in Georgia two years, 
although his preaching met with no great success. Whit- 
field preached in every colony from Georgia to New Eng- 
land, where he died. 

418. How was the colony governed? 

Till 1752 it was governed by the company to whom it 
was originally granted. Then the Trustees surrendered 
their charter and Georgia became a royal province. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 83 

419. Did the poor colonists grow rich ? 

The colonists did not grow rapidly rich. There was no 
slave labor at first ; trade in rum being prohibited, there 
was no traffic with the West Indies ; property could descend 
to oldest sons only; the land was leased, not held in fee. 
All these things were unsuited to the condition of the colo- 
nists, or seemed to them to be so, and they grew dissatis- 
fied. 

420. What change was made ? ; 
When the form of government was changed in 1752, 

the people of this colony were put in all respects on an 
equal footing with those of other colonies, and Georgia be- 
came a prosperous and thriving colony. 

421. What was the population at the time of 
the Revolution ? 

Georgia was settled last of all the colonies, and had less 
than half a century of growth before the Revolution. Its 
population, therefore, was small, not exceeding 10,000. 

The Colonies m General. 

422. What were the general difficulties of all 
the colonies alike ? 

Some of the general difficulties of all the colonies were 
these: (1) The country was covered with forests, and, con- 
sequently, there was no land ready to cultivate ; (2) the 
climate was new and in many parts very trying to European 
settlers, thus bringing hardships to which they were not ac- 
customed and causing many diseases, such as consumption, 
for which they had no remedy ; (3) there were no roads but 
the water-courses and the ocean; (4) their home in the old 
world was far away across the ocean, and in case of need 



84 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

it took a long time to get supplies, and at all times to hear 
from kindred and friends; (5) the Indians were a constant 
and terrible trouble ; and (6) the laws and restrictions im- 
posed by proprietors and kings grew more and more 
severe as time went on. 

423. What then were some of the first things 

to be done in each colony ? 

The colonists had, first, to prepare some kind of shelter 
for their families ; then, to clear the land and raise crops 
as soon as possible ; then to provide for safety against the 
Indians; then, to build churches and school-houses; then, 
to make roads and bridges ; and so, gradually and labori- 
ously, to provide all the necessaries and comforts of life 
in their new homes. 

424. How did they live ? 

They lived at first in log-houses, and on the simplest 
fare, such as maize and the products of the garden, and on 
fish and game with which the streams and woods abounded. 

425. How did they obtain clothing and all 

manufactured articles ? 

All such articles were for a long time imported from 
England, such as materials for clothing, glass for windows, 
all iron- work for making houses, and even bricks, when 
they had them ; in fact, every thing which they did not 
find in a new and wild country was brought at great ex- 
pense from England. 

426. How did they manage for domestic ani- 
mals ? 

They had none but what were imported for their use. 



427. What did they do for money 



2 



THE THIED PERIOD. 85 

They had but little money; in new countries traffic is 
mostly by exchange or barter. 

428. What were their habits ? 

In general, they were frugal and simple in their habits, 
and learned to rely on their own exertions for every thing 
they needed. 

429. What were some of the advantages of 
life in a colony ? 

There were many advantages, or at least compensations, 
in such a life; there was room enough and land enough for 
all; if any were capable, they were almost certain to be- 
come prominent; there was opportunity for the exercise 
of every talent ; all were released from the artificial con- 
straints of society ; all were in a sense free to do as they 
chose, or if law or custom annoyed them, they could move 
out of the reach of both, for a time at least. 

430. How did such a mode of life affect the 
industry of the people ? 

With whatever motive any came, all soon found that 
the way to get on, indeed the way to live, was to work, 
and so all learned to work, and so all in a good degree 
prospered. 

431. What was the general character of deal- 
ings with Indians ? 

Some of the colonies, as Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
which treated the Indians with kindness and justice, suf- 
fered little or no injury in return; while others, which 
took lands without payment, or treated the Indians as 
having no rights, suffered from Indian masacres and Indian 
wars till the native tribes were exterminated or driven off, 
6 



86 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

432. In what respects did the government of 
all the colonies agree ? 

The government of all the colonies agreed in that gov- 
ernors were appointed for them and in that they, either 
from the start or soon after, chose their own legislatures. 

433. What were the kinds of government 

among the colonies ? 

There were three kinds of government : (1) The Pro- 
prietory, in which the Proprietors, or owners, governed 
the colony under the terms of their grant, or patent, from 
the King ; (2) the Charter, in which the colony was governed 
by a charter given directly by the King ; and (3) the Royal, 
in which the power was retained in the hands of the King, 
he giving each colony such privileges as he thought best, 
and revoking the same at pleasure. 

434. How did the Kings differ in the treat- 
ment of colonies ? 

King James I and the two Charleses seem to have treated 
American affairs, in general, with great liberality, giving 
generous grants of land to persons and companies, and 
giving the settlers gi'eater privileges and power than they 
had been accustomed to in the old country. King James 
II seems to have been most fond of annulling charters 
and revoking privileges. Later in the history, all the 
powers in England seemed to unite in making the govern- 
ment of the colonies more rigorous, and their demands 
more unjust. 

435. What was the general chai^acter of the 

govemoi^s appointed over the colonies ? 

The governors of the colonies, with happy exceptions, 

were men whose interests were only for the time in Amer- 

* ica, and who thought more of pleasing their patrons in Bag- 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 87 

land or of enriching themselves, than of serving the colony. 
To come to rule an American province was a sort of honor- 
able^banishment, in which a ruined nobleman, or a greedy 
adventurer, or pampered favorite, might find such compen- 
sation as he could. The character and acts of these gov- 
ernors, therefore, varied according to the character and 
wishes of the sovereign, or proprietor, who appointed 
them. 

436. What was the general feeling of the col- 
onies toward England ? 

They were, for the most part, loyal to the sovereign and 
institutions of England. They were proud of being Eng- 
lishmen and of being under English laws, and had no 
thought of independence of the mother country till the 
very time of the Eevolution. 

437. Did the colonies fare better under Crom- 
well and the Commonwealth than under the 
Kings ? 

The colonies hardly fared better under Cromwell's rule 
than under the Kings. His dealings with them were not 
more generous than those of the Kings, and they had no 
more privileges or greater freedom under him. The colo- 
nies all gave in their adhesion to Charles II after the resto- 
ration of the monarchy, though some did so with hesitation. 

438. Did the colonies gain from the English 

Revolution of 1688? 

As a rule, the colonies under William and Mary and 
the sovereigns who followed did not gain greater freedom 
or privileges. These sovereigns were fond of e;cercising 
their power and by no means desired too democratic in- 
stitutions, even in the Amerioan colonies. 



88 TJinTED STATES HISTORY. 

439. What loas the revolution of 1688 ? 

In this year the King, James II, was compelled to ab- 
dicate, and William of Orange, who had married James's 
daughter, was invited to England, where he and his wife 
were made joint sovereigns. 

440. What change of principles did this 

change of rule involve ? 

This change of rule involved two principles : (1) that 
the King of England should be a Protestant ; and (2) that 
he should rule according to the will of the people expressed 
in Parliament, and not arbitrarily and in opposition to 
law, as the Stuarts had many times done. 

441. How did the colonies regard religion ? 

The colonies, as a rule, were religious and God-fearing. 
In some the religious laws were more strict than in others; 
but in most, churches were built as soon as settlements were 
made and in all the majority of the people were church- 
goers, and in all the institutions of religion were main- 
tained. 

442. How did the colonists regard education ? 
The colonies, though in different degrees, paid attention 

to the education of children. Schools for all were early 
established in some, and a college was founded in nearly 
all as soon as any youth were ready for higher education. 
In general, the North paid more attention to education at 
home than the South did. 

443. Were all the youth educated at home ? 

Many youth were sent to England for their higher edu- 
cation, as the colonists became rich enough to bear the ex- 
pense. 

444. What territory did most of the colonies 



THE THIKD PERIOD. 89 

claim besides that of their respective States at 
the present time ? 

Most of the colonies claimed territory within the area of 
some more western state, because their charters gave them 
possession of the land from ocean to ocean. 

445. Were explorations neglected during this 
period of colonizing ? 

During the period of colonizing, all the colonies were 
exploring the territory they claimed and bold men were 
continually going into regions but little known. 

Colonial Wars. 

446. What two kinds of wars were the colo- 
nies engaged in ? 

(1) The colonies had to contend with the Indians, each 
within its own boundaries, or several united in a general 
war against a confederation of tribes. (2) Besides these, 
they were involved in the wars between France and Eng- 
land, in which the Indians took part on both sides. 

44Y. How did these latter affect America ? 

England and France had been at almost constant war 
during all their history. Both claimed possession of the 
American continent by right of discovery, and the oppor- 
tunity for injuring each other by fighting for their respec- 
tive American possessions was too good to be neglected by 
either 

448. What was the real contest in America, 
then? 

The real contest in America was for a new empire in 
the new world ; it was the old European contest between 



90 UNITED STATES HI6T0EY. 

England and France extended to America, and the point 
in dispute was whether England or France should be mis- 
tress of America. 

449. Had the French snceeeded, what part of 
the country would the English have held ? 

If the French had beaten the English, the latter would 
have been confined to the narrow strip east of the Allegha- 
nies, along the Atlantic coast. 

450. How did the French attempt to hold 
their claim ? 

The French built fortifications along the St. Lawrence 
and Sorel Rivers, the great Lakes, across the State of 
Illinois by the river of the same name, in the valley of the 
Ohio and along the Mississippi, by which they meant to 
hold all the country except that settled and held by the 
English along the coast. 

451. How did the Indians stand affected to- 
ward the two parties ? 

The French made friends of all the Northern and West- 
ern tribes, and they remained to the last in a remarkable 
degree faithful to their friendship. The five nations of 
New York, who were the best warriors, though not so 
numerous as the others, were friends of the English. These 
were called, respectively, French Indians and English 
Indians. 

452. Did they understand the nature of the 
contest ? 

They could not understand the full meaning of the con- 
test; with them it was simply the opportunity, with the 
aid of powerful aUies, of defeating their old and constant 
enemies, or an opportunity of gratifjidng their natural love 
of war, or a kind of heroic attachment to the side which,. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 91 "^ 

by various inducements, they had been persuaded to join. 
Some of them, however, understood well enough, that 
whichever might conquer, the Indian would suffer, and 
would soon lose his territory and home. 

453. What were these wars named and their 
dates? 

There were four: King William's war, 1689-1697; 
Queen Anne's war, 1702-1713; King George's war, 1745- 
1748; and the French and Indian war, so-called, 1754-1763. 

454. What was the most important event in 
King William's war ? 

The capture of Port Eoyal, Nova Scotia, by an expedi- 
tion from Massachusetts under Sir William Phipps. 

455. What other important events ? 

In 1690, an expedition set out from New England , 
against Montreal and Quebec, but owing partly to quarrel- 
ing among themselves and the failure of provisions, and 
partly to the strength of Quebec, the expedition accom- 
plished nothing. 

456. What accompanied all these wars ? 

These wars were all accompanied by Indian massacres, 
which inflicted untold horrors on the settlements, but ac- 
complished nothing for the real purpose of the war. 

457. How was this warfare carried on ? 

Bodies of Indians with their white allies generally fell 
upon defenceless villages and murdered, or carried away 
captive, men, women and children. The Indians once on 
the war-path could not be restrained from these secret and 
murderous attacks, and particularly when the party they 
were allied with had won any victory. 



^2 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

458. What were some instances of these mas- 
sacres ? 

During this war Dover in New Hampshire, Salmon Falls 
in Maine, and Schenectady in New York, and other places, 
were destroyed, and these massacres, far more than the 
military expeditions, made these wars memorable. 

459. What did the colonies gain bj this war ? 
The colonies gained nothing by this war; they suffered 

all the horrors of Indian massacres, while European con- 
tests were fought out in America. 

460. How was the war closed ? 

The war was closed in 1697, by the treaty of Ryswick, 
by which all the territory' and places acquired by either 
party were given up. 

461. What occurred during Queen Anne's 
war? 

Indian massacres occurred at Deerfield, Massachusetts, 
and other places; another successful expedition against 
Port Royal, and another unsuccessful attempt to take 
Montreal and Quebec, were the chief events of this war. 

462. How did it close ? 

It closed in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht, which gave 
Nova Scotia to England, as the only result of the war. 

463. What were the main events of King 
George's war ? 

Only one event of importance, besides Indian massacres 
in New York, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, occur- 
red during the war, namely, the capture of Louisburg by 
the combined troops of England and the colonies. This 
was a strong fort on the island of Cape Breton, and its 
capture w^as considered a great military feat. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 93 

464. How was it closed? 

The war was closed by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, ia 
accordance with which both sides restored the places taken. 

465. What seems to have been the net result 
of these three wars ? 

These three wars brought no benefit to England, and 
great suffering, burdens and expense to the colonies, with 
no real good to either. 

466. During this time, what progress had the 
French settlements at the West been making ? 

When the first war broke out, the population of New 
France was only about 12,000, while that of the English 
colonies was not far from two millions. During the first 
half of this century Iberville, a Canadian, had brought 
colonies of Canadians to Biloxi and Natchez in Mississippi, 
and to Mobile in Alabama, and Bienville had founded the 
city of New Orleans (1718), and the whole region of the 
great river had been named Louisiana and had been put 
under the Mississippi Company, with its Capital at Mobile. 
Emigrants came from France, and in 1750 the population 
of Louisiana was about 8,000. 

467. What military works had been built ? 
The French had, also, built Fort Niagara, at the head 

of Lake Ontario, and had, in all, about sixty fortified 
stations between this place and New Orleans. 

468. What besides the European quarrels of 
France and England entered into the French and 
Indian war ? 

The French now definitely claimed all the country west 
of the Alleghanies and were ready to defend that claim. 
This war was about this claim mainly, though complicated 
by European difficulties. 



94 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

469. How did this dispute about boundaries 
come to an issue ? 

In 1752 a company of Virginians, who had obtained a 
grant of land on Ohio from the King of England and had 
made a settlement there, were made prisoners by the 
French, who at once made a fort on the disputed ground. 

470. How did the Virginians resist this en- 
croacliment ? 

George Washington w^as sent to remonstrate, and the 
French refusing to yield, he was sent with Virginia militia 
to fight the French and won his first victory over them at 
Great Meadows. 

471. What English fort was built, and what 

was its fate ? 

Here he built Fort Necessity ; the French had built a fort 
where Pittsburg now is, named Du Quesne, and from it 
sent a force to attack Washington; he was obliged to sur- 
render, but was allowed to return to Virginia, and so the 
great contest which was to decide who should control the 
Continent began. 

472. What were the first notable events of 

this war? 

The forcible carrying away of all the French inhabi- 
tants, about 7,000, of Nova Scotia, which since Queen 
Anne's war had been an English possession. They were 
carried away and distributed among other colonies, one 
thousand going to Massachusetts. 

473. What was the reason for this act ? 

The only reason for this act was the plea of military 
necessity for removing Frenchmen from English territory, 
lest they should give aid to their countrymen in Canada. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 95 

474. How should this act be characterized ? 
No more cruel or needless act was ever done in any war 

than this forcible carrying off of the entire inhabitants of 
a peaceful and harmless colony. 

475. What was the second notable event of 
the war ? 

General Braddock's attempt with a large British and 
colonial force to take Fort Du Quesne, resulting in the 
total defeat and death of Braddock in an Indian ambush 
about ten miles from the Fort. Washington directed the 
retreat of the force to Philadelphia. 

476. What was the next notable event ? 

An unsuccessful attempt to take Fort Niagara and 
Crown Point, and the defeat of the French in the battle of 
Lake George, where Fort William Henry was built. 

477. What important success did the French 

gain on Lake Ontario ? 

They captured the English fort at Osw^ego, with four- 
teen hundred prisoners, the Marquis of Montcalm being 
commander. 

478. What further success did Montcalm gain ? 

He captured Fort William Henry, the unarmed garri- 
son of which was massacred by his Indian allies after the 
surrender. 

479. What great success of the English fol- 
lowed ? 

The capture of Louisburg, with six thousand French 
prisoners. 

480. What notable English defeat followed? 
The complete defeat of General Abercrombie, with a 



9G CNITED STATES HISTORY. 

loss of two thousand men at Ticonderoga, near Crown 
Point, by the French under Montcalm. 

481. What famous capture ended the fighting ? 

The capture of Quebec with all its garrison and stores 
by General Wolfe, in 1759. 

482. How did the war end? 

This war was ended by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. 

483. What were the terms of this treaty ? 

France gave up to England all her American possessions 
east of the Mississippi, except the island and city of New 
Orleans. At the same time France ceded to Spain all her 
possessions west of the Mississippi, because Spain had 
helped her in the war. Spain gave Florida to England by 
the same treaty in exchange for Havana. 

484. What had the colonies gained by this 
war? 

The colonies, as part of the British Empire, had greatly 
helped to acquire for their country all the French posses- 
sions in America, and had relieved themselves from their 
troublesome and aggressive neighbors. They were free 
henceforth from French encroachments on territory which 
Britain would soon yield to them. They had, also, learned 
the art of war by fighting with the British. 

485. Who bore the expense of these wars? 

The expense of the wars was borne by the British who 
borrowed $300,0000,000 for the purpose. A large share of 
the expense of the colonial troops was borne by the colo- 
nies themselves. They expended $16,000,000, of which 
$500,000 was repaid. They also sacrificed about thirty 
thousand lives. 



THE THIRD PERIOT). 97 

CONDITION OF THE COLONIES AT THE CLOSE OF 
THIS PERIOD. 

486. What was the population of the colonies 
at the close of this period ? 

The population of the colonies wes between two and 
three millions, one-fourth of whom were negro slaves. 

487. What were the large towns? 

Boston, Philadelphia and Kew York were the only- 
towns of any considerable size, Boston and Philadelphia 
each having about eighteen thousand inhabitants, and New 
York being smaller than either of these. 

488. What troops had the colonies ? 

The militia in each colony, liable to be called out in any 
emergency, were the only troops besides the regular British 
regiments. The latter troops, during this war, had reached 
the number of 22,000 at one time, but a great part of them 
returned to England at its close. 

489. Were the people united ? 

There was great diversity of opinion and of manners 
and customs in different parts of the country, particularly 
between New England and the colonies at the south. But 
on any question of common danger and common interest 
they were not disunited, either in sentiment or action. 

490. What was the condition of the press and 

of means of travelling ? 

In 1750 there were only seven newspapers, and none in 
Virginia till 1736. Travelling was generally on foot or 
horseback, or by water. A monthly mail between Boston 
and New York was started in 1762. 



93 UNTfED -STATES HISTORY. 

491. ^Vliat were the staples of export to Eng- 
land ? 

Tobacco, furs, fish, rice and lumber were the chief arti- 
cles of export to England. 

492. What colleges had been established ? 

There were nine colleges : Harvard, William and Mary, 
Yale, Princeton, Columbia (King's), Brown, Rutgers 
(Queen's). Dartmouth, and Hampden Sidney. 

493. How had these been founded ? 

These had been founded by private liberality ; only one, 
William and Mary, received any direct aid from the British 

Government. 

494. What was the condition of manufactories ? 

The condition of manufactories was low. Great Britain 
did not encourage manuf acturin s in her colonies, as she 
was a manufacturing nation and desired, therefore, to sup- 
ply her colonies from her own shops, exclusively. Agricul- 
ture was the main occupation and dependence of the 
people. 

495. How did the people regard the peace 

of 1763 i 

The people of the colonies hailed the peace with great 
joy. They were tired of the repeated wars which had 
taxed theii' resources and drained their population and 
subjected them to such horrors from Indian butchery. 
They were only too glad to return to their homes and 
X)eaeeful pursuits which they did with eager and hopeful 
expectation. 

496. Did the French give up all their forts 
and territory according to the terms of the treatf ? 



THE THIRB PERIOD. 99 

The French gave up all their territory and forts as fast 
as the English demanded formal possession. 

497. What Indian war broke out soon after ? 
A general conspiracy of the Indians of the Northwest 

was formed soon after the French garrison had vacated the 
fort at Detroit and the English had taken possession. 

498. By whom was this led ? 

This conspiracy was led by Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, 
one of the boldest and ablest opponents of English power 
on this continent. 

499. What were his grievances? 

He had been a firm friend of the French, and not unr 
derstanding, or professing not to believe, that they had 
given up their territory, and resenting the treatment he 
received from the new masters of the territory, he incited 
ail the tribes about Lake Huron and Lake St. Clair, and 
even those of Illinois to join in a war of extermination 
against the English. 

500. What did they first attack? 

They first attacked Detroit, after failing to obtain pos- 
session by a stratagem. It underwent a siege of many 
months and the garrison suffered great hardships. 

501. What other places were attacked? 

All the forts on Lake Superior, and posts on Lake Erie 
acid in the country between Lake Erie and Fort Pitt, (Pitts- 
burg), were captured and the garrisons massacred. 

502. Was Fort Pitt attacked ? 

Fort Pitt was attacked by a great force of Indians, but 
a complete victory was won by colonial troops, coming to 
their relief, at Busby Run, near the spot where Braddock 
was defeated. 



100 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

503. Did the settlements suffer as well as the 
forts ? 

All the settlements in Western Pennsylvania and Vir- 
ginia sirffered again all the horrors of Indian massacres; 
thousands were slain, many villages were burned, and the 
whole border was devastated. 

504. What was the end ? 

The Indians in the end were again subdued, and all the 
territory ceded to England was given up. 

505. What was the last French post which the 

English took possession of ? 

The last place to receive a English garrison was Fort 
Chartres on the Mississippi, in Illinois, in 1765. 

506. Did the French act in bad faith ? 

The French did not act in bad faith; they honorably 
surrendered their possessions; the trouble was caused by 
the jealousy of the Indians, and their dislike of the British. 

507. Why did Pontiac say he fought the 

British ? 

Pontive fought the British because, as he said, the 
country was his, and the French could not give it away. 

508. What became of Pontiac ? 

He was shot secretly by an Indian who was hired by an 
English trader near St. Louis for a barrel of whisky to 
kill him. 

509. Where is the best account of this con- 
spiracy to be found ? 

The best account of the conspiracy is found in Park- 
man's two volumes entitled the Conspiracy of Pontiac. 



the third perioi). 101 

Events which Led to the Revolution. 

510. Do the causes of the Revolution begin 
their operation after the French and Indian 
wars ? 

The causes which led to the Eevolution were not im- 
mediate and sudden in their operation ; they were at work 
all through the history of the colonies, and came to a 
head only by what occurred soon after the close of the 
French and Indian wars. 

511. What were the feelings of the colonists 
in 1763 ? 

The colonists at the time had no special grievance 
against the mother country. All the colonies as such, 
and the people as a whole, were thoroughly loyal to 
England. 

512. What may be given as the general cause 
which led to the Revolution ? 

The general cause of the Revolution lay in this fact, 
that the colonies were ruled and used, not for their own 
prosperity, but for the interests of England. All the 
various causes are but specifications of this one. 

513. What interests of England could Ameri- 
ca be made to serve ? 

The American colonies gave employment to many 
English officials. They would furnish a large market for 
English goods as well as supply England with much that 
she needed, and they could also be made to yield a large 
revenue. 

514. What was the general form of this op- 
pression ? 



102- UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

In general, this oppression took the form of restriction 
of commerce, the discouragement, amounting almost to 
prohibition, of manufactures, and the laying of taxes 
Tield to be unjust. 

515. What may be given as one of the earli- 
est specific acts of tyranny ? 

The navigation acts of 1651 may be given as of the 
earliest increasingly and burdensome acts of the British 
government. By it no ships but British ones could enter 
any American port, and no American exports could be 
sent to any country but England. This was for the 
direct benefit of English ship-builders and sailors and 
British merchants. 

516. What was the Importation Act ? 

In 1733 a heavy duty was laid on all the sugar, molas- 
ses and rum imported from the West Indias. 

51Y. Were these articles of necessity or of 
luxury ? 

All the sugar and molasses then used come from these 
islands, and rum was an article of almost universal use. 

518. How, then, were these taxes received ? 
These were felt to be exorbitant and unjust taxes on 

the industry of a people struggling with all the difficulties 
of a new country. 

519. What enactment was passed about manu- 
factures ? 

In 1750 an act was passed ordering that no iron- works 
should be built in the colonies, and the manufacture of 
steel was specially forbidden. 

520. Did those who were called in England 
the friends of America favor these acts ? 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 103 

Even William Pitt, Lord Chatham, one of America's 
best friends, declared that she had no right to manufacture 
a nail for a horse-shoe. 

521. What was the direct object of such acts? 
The direct object of such acts was to compel the 

Americans to buy all their iron and steel in England, and 
to make all the sugar and rum, though made in a British 
colony, pay a tax to England. 

522. How did the colonists treat these laws? 
The colonists evaded these laws in every possible man- 
ner, on the ground that they were arbitrary and oppressive. 

523. How did the government attempt to 

enforce them ? 

The government attempted to enforce these laws by 
Writs of Assistance, which they authorized the Colonial 
Courts to issue to any King's officer, to empower him to 
search for and seize any goods suspected of not having 
paid duty. 

524. What did these writs give the power of 
doing ? 

These writs gave Colonial Judges, appointed by the 
King, the power to annoy and injure any colonist suspect- 
ed of not being in favor of laws controlling the trade of 
the colonies. 

525. What else was done to enforce them? 

In 1763 officers of the navy were authorized to seize 
and confiscate vessels engaged in unlawful trade ; that is, 
in trade violating these laws. 

526. What was the injustice of these acts ? 
The injustice of these acts lay in the fact that the 

colonies, for their own good, needed all possible encour- 



104 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

agement of trade and commerce, whereas trade and com- 
merce were crippled, and in some instances almost pro- 
hibited, by such measures. 

527. Once again, what did England design to 
accomplish by them ? 

England meant by these acts to compel every item of 
trade and commerce to contribute something to her 
treasury, and to her merchants, manufacturers and seamen. 

528. How did these measures affect the 
people ? 

These measures caused great excitement and indigna- 
tion; public meetings were held, earnest remonstrances 
were made, and hints of resistance were thrown out. 

529. What was done next which greatly in- 
creased this feeling ? 

The year after the treaty of Paris, that is, in 1764, it 
was asserted that the colonies, having participated in the 
benefits of the French war, ought to pay part of the cost, 
that is, the cost which England had incurred, in addition 
to what the colonies had already paid on their own ac- 
count. Notice was given in Parliament that a bill to this 
effect would be brought in at the next session. 

530. What was this bill called ? 

This was the famous "Stamp Act," providing that all 
legal documents should be on stamped paper; that is, 
paper which should require payment for a certain stamp 
upon it, the stamp making the document legal . 

' 531. How was this news received in the 
colonies ? 

The news of this intention caused the greatest possible 
excitement and indignation. There was a universal out- 
cry against the Act. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 105 

532. What concerted action did the colonists 
take? 

A congress of delegates from the colonies was proposed 
by James Otis of Boston, and on October 7, twenty-eight 
delegates from nine colonies met at New York. This was 
the first Colonial Congress. It adopted a Declaration of 
Eights, and sent a memorial to Parliament, and a petition 
to the King asking for a more liberal and just policy in 
colonial matters. 

533. AVas the Act passed ? 
Notwithstanding all remonstrances, the Stamp Act was 

passed in 1765. 

534. What did it include besides legal docu- 
ments ? 

A stamp must be affixed to every news-paper, almanac 
and pamphlet printed in the colonies, and every advertise- 
ment must have a two-shilling stamp. 

535. What was the value of the stamps? 

The value of the stamps ranged from a half-penny to 
six pounds sterling. 

536. Was it the amount of the tax of which 
the colonists complained ? 

It was not the amount of which the colonists com- 
plained, but the principle. The right to take one penny 
from their pockets in that way implied the right to take a 
hundred pounds. 

53Y. Did the act go into effect ? 

The act was to go into eifect on the first Monday of 
November, 1765; but the people everywhere were resolved 
that not a stamp should be sold or used. They seized, 
and destroyed or concealed them all, and many were 



106 nsriTED states history. 

returned to England, while business went on as before 
without stamps. 

538. Were the colonies agreed on this ? 

All the colonies were agreed on this, and not a stamp 
was sold anywhere. Stamp-offices were forcibly shut, 
stamps were seized, and the most effectual stop was put to 
the execution of the law. 

539. How did the colonists justify this dis- 
orderly proceeding ? 

They justified this disorderly proceeding on the ground 
that the stamp act was unjust and tyrannical ; and they 
also were sure that they did not mean to use stamped 
paper, and could not be compelled to do so. 

540. What organization was formed at this 

time ? 

An organization known as the Sons of Liberty was 
formed, which the Young Patriots all over the country 
joined. 

541. What were its objects ? 

The members were pledged to resist the tyranny of the 
mother country and to defend the freedom of the colonies 
with their lives if necessary. 

542. Was the act repealed ? 

The merchants agreed to import no goods while the act 
was in force. This, with the strenuous opposition to the 
act itself, caused its repeal in 1766. 

543. Was the repeal total ? 

The repeal of the stamp act was not total, for in repeal- 
ing it. Parliament declared again its right to tax America, 
the very thing Americans had contended against. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 107 

544. How was its repeal received in the 
colonies ? 

The news of its repeal was received every where with 
great rejoicing. Statues were voted to Pitt, for his efforts^ 
and Virginia and New York voted statues to the King. 

545. What was the next act of Parliament ? 

Parliament, however, undeceived the colonies by pass- 
ins^, in 1767, an act laying heavy duties on glass, paint and 
tea. 

546. How was this received I 

This was received with the same determination to re- 
sist, and the people resolved to import no more of these 
articles till the duty was removed. 

547. How did the Government attempt to 
enforce the act ? 

Soldiers were sent to Boston and other places where 
opposition was very bitter, and the Mutiny Act was passed. 

548. What was the Mutiny Act ? 

The Mutiny Act provided that the colonies to which 
they were sent should provide these soldiers with lodgings 
and supplies. 

549. What was the Boston Massacre ? 

The presence of British soldiers was a continual exas- 
peration to the people, and quarrels arose between them, 
till on March 5th, 1770, a party of soldiers, maddened by 
the insults of men and boys gathered about them, lired 
upon the crowd, killing and wounding several. 

550. What action did Parliament take in 
reference to these duties ? 

Before they heard of this bloody affray the duty on 
glass and paint was revoked, but that on tea was retained. 



108 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

551. Why did the colonies so strongly resist 
these duties ? 

, The colonies resisted the payment of these duties be- 
cause Parliament, in which they had no voice, had laid 
these duties, 

552. How was this principle expressed ? 

The popular expression of this principle was, "Taxa- 
tion without representation is tyranny," and this became 
the patriot party cry. 

553. What was the occasion of the Boston 
Tea Parties and others ? 

The tax on tea remained, and the colonies Tesolved that 
tea sent from England should not be landed. According- 
ly, the tea-ships at New York and Philadelphia were sent 
home, and a company of men disguised as Indians threw 
over-board that which was in ships in Boston Harbor. 

554. How did the British Government retali- 
ate this last act ? 

The British Government retaliated by the Boston Port 
Bill, which declared Boston closed to all commerce, and 
General Gage, commander of the troops, was appointed 
Governor of Massachusetts. 

555. Before going further in the account, 
what other causes of the Revolution may be 
added? 

Several other causes of the Revolution should be men- 
tioned. The bad character of many of the governors sent 
from England was one. Another was the obstinate and 
perverse character of the King, George III. He was in- 
sane at several times, and at all times obtuse and' bigoted 
about colonial affairs. 



THE THIRD PERIOD. 109 

556. What, after all, was the cause of tlie 
Revolution ? 

The real cause was that the people, fond of liberty as 
they were by their birth as Euglishmen and as they had 
become by their peculiar life in a new country, could not 
long be in subjection to a government so far away. 
Sooner or later the separation must have come, and what 
the British ministry did was rather the occasion, than the 
cause, of a Revolution which could not long have been 
delayed by any course on their part. 

557. What concerted action did the colonies 
take with reference to the Boston Port Bill and 
other late acts of the British Government ? 

A second Congress of delegates from all the colonies ex- 
cept Georgia met at Philadelphia, in September, 1774, and 
agreed that Massachusetts was right in her opposition to 
the measures of King and Parliament. It prepared an 
address to the King, another to the English people, and 
still another to the people of Canada, and voted that all 
commercial intercourse with England should be suspended. 
This was the first Continental Congress, which provided 
for another Congress to meet the following year. 

558. How did the Government retaliate ? 
General Gage was ordered to compel the inhabitants by 

force to submit, and ten thousand soldiers were sent to 
America in the spring of 1775. 

559. What preparations for war did Gage 
make ? 

He seized and fortified Boston Neck, collected military 
stores in Boston, and ordered the general assembly of the 
colony to disperse. 



FOURTH PERIOD. 



THE REVOLUTION ASB THE CON'FEDEEACY. 1775—1789. 

The Wae. 

560. How did the contest begin ? 

General Gage sent troops by night from Boston to de- 
stroy ammunition and stores collected by the Patriots at 
Concord, about sixteen miles away. 

561. Where did the troops encounter the 
Militia, or ^*' Minute Men ? *' 

At Lexington, in the early morning, about sixty men 
rallied to oppose the march of the British, eight hundred 
strong. There was no fight, but the men of Lexington 
refusing to disperse at the command of the British officer, 
who called them rebels and bade them lay down their 
arms, were fired upon and seven were killed and nine 
wounded. 

562. How did they fare on their way back? 
The troops went on to Concord and destroyed the stores 

after a skirmish with the men of Concord. But they were 
pursued all the way back by increasing bodies of militia, 
and reached Boston with a loss of 273 in killed, wounded 
and missing. The American loss was 88 in killed, wound- 
ed and missing. 

563. What was the effect of this fight ? 

All New England sprang to arms ; a camp was formed 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. Ill 

near Boston ; Ethan Allen, with a body of Green Mountain 
Boys, surprised and captured Ticonderoga; all the colo- 
nies applauded and encouraged Massachusetts. 

564. What other battle was fought in 1775 ? 
The Patriot troops occupied and fortified a hill since 

called Bunker Hill, then called Breed's, which commanded 
Boston. The British troops marched to capture it. 
Twice they were repulsed with great loss, but on a third 
attack, the ammunition of the Patriots giving out, the 
British drove them from the hill. The British loss was 
1054; that of the Americans, 452. 

565. How did the news of this battle affect 
the country ? 

The news of this battle showed the people that British 
soldiers could be defeated, and so encouraged rather than 
discouraged them, although the battle ended in a defeat. 
People now began to speak of the United Colonies of 
America. 

566. Did the British hold Boston ? ' 

Soon after the battle of Bunker Hill, Washington ar- 
rived and took command of the forces, and fortifying a 
position which would soon compel the British to retire, 
they withdrew to their ships and sailed for Halifax in 
March 1776. The British troops never again held Boston. 

567. What other expedition had been sent ? 

Congress had sent an expedition under Generals Schuy- 
ler and Montgomery to attack Canada, but it failed of its 
object completely, and Montgomery was killed. 

568. How was New York kept from the 
British ? 

Washington sent General Lee to protect New York, 
and he, arriving before the force of General Clinton sent 



112 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

hj the British for the same purpose, occupied it with a 
Patriot arm3\ 

569. Where did Clinton go? 

Clinton sailed tq take possession of Charleston, but 
failed to capture the city, which was bravely defended by 
the Patriots of South Carolina. 

570. Who held Philadelphia ? 

Philadelphia was in the hands of the Colonists, no 
British army having yet attempted to take possession of it. 

571. When did the second Continental Con- 
gress meet ? 

The second Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, 
-on May 10, 1775, the day on which Ticonderoga was 
captured by Ethan Allen. 

572. What distinguished men were in it ? 
There were delegates from all the colonies, including 

Washington, John and Samuel Adams, Franklin, Henry 
and Jefferson. 

573. What authority did this Congress take ? 
This Congress assumed the authority of a general 

government for the whole country, which was now called 
the United Colonies. 

574. What were their most important acts? 
Washington was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the 

American forces, a Declaration of Independence was 
made, an army of twenty thousand men was voted, and 
a petition was sent to the King. 

575. Who moved that the colonies ought to 
be free ? 

Richard Henry Lee moved, on the seventh of June^^ 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 11'5 

"that these colonies are, and of right ought to be, free 
and independent States." This was passed July 2. 

576. Who prepared the Declaration of ihi^ 
Independence ? 

Thomas Jefferson, for a committee apointed for the 
purpose, consisting of John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, 
Roger Sherman, Robert R. Livingston and himself, pre- 
pared the Declaration which was passed on July 4. 

577. Have we any knowledge of the proceed- 
ings of Congress during these days ? 

We have no report of these proceedings, nor do we 
know what speeches were made. We know that the 
resolution of Lee was passed, and that the Declaration of 
Jefferson was passed, and that John Adams and Patrick 
Henry were leading spirits in the debates upon them, 

578. What did the Declaration contain ? 

The Declaration contained a statement of grievances of 
the colonies and of wrongs suffered by them, as the 
ground of the final statement, that **the United Colonies 
are, and of right ought to be free, and independent States." 

579. What was the effect of this Declaration? 
The effect of this declaration was very great. It was 

received among the Patriot party with great enthusiasm, 
and at once united all of them in the one object of making 
good that declaration and achieving their independence. 
The army and the people were of one mind about it. 

580. Were all united in the desire to be in- 
dependent ? 

Many did not approve the action of the Patriots, but 
preferred to remain subjects of Great Britain. These 
were called Tories, or Loyalists, while those who desired 
independence were called Whigs, or Patriots. 



114 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

581. Were the people of any colony unani- 
mous in their desire for independence ? 

The people of no colony were unanimous in their views. 
There were Tories in all colonies; there were more in 
some parts of the south than in the north generally, and 
there were many in each of the four large cities. Still, 
the very great majority were Patriots, or Whigs, both in 
the country as a whole, and in each colony. 

582. What were the motives of the Tories ? 

It would be wrong to accuse the Tories as a whole of 
any traitorous purpose, or of any wicked motive, at least 
at first. They thought that independence was impossible 
and undesirable, and that the attempt to achieve it was 
unwise and could lead only to greater sufferings and 
wrongs. 

583. How can their taking part with the King 
and his army against their own countrymen be 
justified ? 

It is not necessary to justify them for the part they 
took, nor the deeds of cruelty they did. They acted and 
fought according to their wishes and passions, and they 
suffered all the consequences of defeat. 

584. Did party spirit run high during the 
war ? 

Party spirit ran high during all the war, as was inevita- 
ble in such circumstances. Neighborhood and families 
were divided against each other, and all the passions of a 
civil strife, as well as of a national war, were rife during 
the entire contest. 

585. How had the petition of the second Con- 
gress been received ? 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 115 

The King received the petition of Congress with con- 
tempt, and said the first thing to be done was for the 
Patriots to disband their troops, and he would deal with 
the colonies seperately ; he did not know any such body as 
the Continental Congress. 

586. What troops were raised ? 

The American troops, before the year was out, num- 
bered 27,000. The British hired 17,000 Hessian troops, 
and 25,000 additional British troops were levied for the 
war with America. 

587. Did the King retain any authority in the 
colonies ? 

During the summer of 1775 the royal authority was 
destroyed in all the colonies. The governors who did not 
join the people were compelled to resign or to leave. No 
colony paid any regard to British authority; the Revolu- 
tion prevailed everywhere. 

588. How long did the war last ? 

The battle of Lexington and Concord was fought in 
April, 1775, and the surrender of Cornwallis was in 
October, 1781. The treaty of peace was made in 1783. 

589. How was the country governed during 
the continuance of the war ? 

The colonies were under the authority of the Continen- 
tal Congress and the Articles of Confederation. 

590. Of what was this Congress composed ? 
The Continental Congress was composed of delegates 

chosen in each colony for the purpose. 

591. What were the Articles of Confedera- 
tion? 

In April 1777, Congress, after long debate, adopted 



116 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

certain Articles of Confederation for the government of 
the country, and sent them to the different colonies, or 
States, for ratification. They were agreed to by all except 
Delaware and Maryland during the year 1778. Delaware 
consented in 1779, and Maryland not till 1781. 

592. What were the provisions of these 

articles ? 

The articles provided that the power of government 
should be in a Congress to be composed of from two to 
seven representatives from each State, elected annually by 
the Legislature thereof, and that each State should have 
one vote on all questions brought before the Congress. 
Congress could noake war and peace and settle boundaries. 
Nine states must consent to an act of Congress before it 
could become law. 

593. In the meantime how was the country 

governed ? 

While these articles w^ere pending, the country was 
governed by the Continental Congress, which really had 
no authority, except such as the States tacitly allowed it 
to exercise in the emergency. 

594. After their adoption, how was the country 
governed ? 

When Maryland agreed to the articles, Congress ad- 
journed and immediately reassembled under the new form 
of government. 

595. Who had succeeded Gage as commander 

of the British forces ? 

Before the surrender of Boston, General Howe had 
superseded General Gage, and was now the commander of 
the British forces in America. 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 117 

596. What other military operations of im- 
portance in 1776 after the evacuation of Boston ? 

(1) Washington's best troops were badly defeated by 
Lord Howe on Long Island, and this was followed by the 
retreat of the former up the Hudson, which gave New 
York to the British for the rest of the war. 

(2) Washington, crossing the Delaware on^the^night of 
December 25-26, surprised and defeated the British at 
Trenton, capturing many prisoners. 

597. What were the chief military operations 

of 1777? 

(1) In 1777, Washington again defeated the British 
under Cornwallis at Princeton, on January 3. 

(2) Burgoyne was defeated at Bennington by General 
Starke, and surrendered at Saratoga to General Gates. 

(3) Washington was defeated at the Brandy wine in 
New Jersey, and was only partially successful at German- 
town, and 

(4) Philadelphia was occupied by the British. 

598. What were the main events of the year 

1778? 

In 1778, (1) the French acknowledged the independence 
of the United States, and made a treaty with them, and 
sent a fleet and army under Count de Grasse and the 
Marquis de La Fayette to their assistance; (2) the indeci- 
sive battle of Monmouth was fought; (3) the British 
evacuated Philadelphia; and (4) they captured Savannah. 

599. What were the main events of 1779 ? 

In 1779 (1) General Wayne captured Stony Point on* 
the Hudson; (2) Paul Jones won a brilliant naval victory 
near the English coast, and (3) the Americans were 
defeated at Savannah, failing to re- capture the city. 
8 



118 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

600. What were the main events of 1780 ? 

In 1780 (1) the British took Charleston; (2) General 
Oates was badly defeated by Lord Cornwallis at Camden, 
South Carolina, and (3) General Benedict Arnold plotted 
+0 surrender West Point to the English, but was foiled in 
his wicked attempt. 

601. What were the main events of 1781 ? 

In 1781 (1) General Morgan inflicted a severe defeat on 
the British under Colonel Tarleton at the Cowpens; (2) 
Oeneral Greene, who had superseded General Gates, 
brought off in safety the American force from the Caro- 
linas, though hotly pursued by the British, and (3) Corn- 
wallis surrendered his entire army to Washington and 
La Fayette. 

602. What took place in 1782 ? 

In 1782 no military operations were carried on; the war 
was virtually over, but the army and all the posts were 
maintained. 

603. What took place in 1783 ? 

In 1783 the treaty of peace, known as the Treaty of 
Paris, was made; the British evacuated Savannah, New 
York and Charleston; Washington resigned his commis- 
sion, and the army was disbanded, 

604. What were some of the minor and doubt- 
ful l?attles of the war ? 

After Washington's defeat at Long Island, a part of his 
army was defeated at White Plains, and Fort Washington 
was taken. In 1778, the Tories and Indians committed a 
horrible massacre at Wyoming, in Pennsylvania, The 
battle of Eutaw Springs in South Carolina was a drawn 
battle, as was that of Guilford Court House. 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 119 

605. "Who were the most distinguished Ameri- 
can commanders ? 

Washington was the most distinguished and the ablest 
American General. After him, probably, Greene should 
come; and then these, without attempting to rank them — 
Gates, Lincoln, Marion, Sumpter, and, while he continued 
true, Arnold. 

606. Who were the British commanders-in- 
chief ? 

The British commanders-in-chief were General Gage, 
General Howe, Sir Henry Clinton and, after the surrender 
at Yorktown, Sir Guy Carleton. 

607. Which may be reckoned the five most 
important battles of the war ? 

(1) Bunker Hill, which tiiough a final defeat, taught 
the Americans that the British could be defeated. 

(2) Princeton, which revived the spirit of the Americans 
greatly depressed by the disaster at Long Island. 

(3>) Saratoga, because by the surrender of an army the 
plan of separating H^ew England from the rest of the 
country was frustrated, and the alliance of France 
secured. 

(4) The Cowpens, wiiich destroyed British supremacy 
in the south, and prepared tlie way for the final surrender 
at Yorktown. 

(5) The crowning victory at Yorktown. 

608. Wiiat attiMiij); at conciliation was made 
by the British during the war ? 

In 1778, after the news of Burgoyne's surrender reached 
England, commissioners were sent to offer the Americans 



120 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

everythiDg but independence. But it was loo late to go 
back; Congress would not even consider the proposal. 

609. By whom had the alliance with France 

been arran2;ed ? 

Benjamin Franklin had been sent to France to induce 
it to join in the war against her old enemy. After Bur- 
goyne's surrender, the French king, Louis XYI. , made a 
treaty with Franklin, and promised to help the Americans 
win their independence. 

610. What two entire armies surrendered? 

Burgoyne surrendered a few more than five thousand 
to Gen. Gates at Saratoga, and Cornwallis a few more than 
seven thousand to Washington at Yorktown. 

611. Did any American force surrender to the 

British ? 

No considerable force surrendered to the British on the 
field during the war. The largest surrender of Americans 
was at the capture of Fort Washington, where about three 
thousand became prisoners, 

612. When was the American flag adopted ? 

In 1777, Congress adopted a new^ flag for the new 
nation, the Stars and Stripes of the present day, but the 
stars were then only thirteen in number. 

613. What was the condition of the country 

at the close of -the war? 

The country was independent, but there was no money. 
Commerce was ruined ; many had lost all their property; 
agriculture and manufactures had been neglected. The 
whole energy of the people had been devoted to the war. 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 121 

and they were poor and exhausted, and all industry was 
paralyzed, now that it was finished. 

614. What was the condition of the army ? 

The pay of the army was far in arrears, and neither sol- 
diers nor officers could get the money due them, but were 
obliged, in many cases, to return home without a shilling. 

615. What did this state of things lead to? 

Some, made desperate by this state of things, plotted to 
make Washington king; but he sternly and indignantly 
refused to entertain such a proposal, and parted with his 
officers and men, after giving them sound and patriotic 
advice, and retired to his home at Mount Vernon. 

616. What plot was made against Washing- 
ton during the war ? 

In 1777, after the surrender of Burgoyne, a plot was set 
on foot to supersede Washington by Gates, on the ground 
that the latter was a brilliant, fighting general, while 
Washington was slow and cautious and inefficient. This 
was called from the name of one of the officers engaged in 
it, ** The Conway Cabal." It met with no favor when the 
people heard of it. 

617. Who were the parties to the Treaty of 
Paris ? 

Besides England and the United States, France, Spain, 
and Holland joined in the Treaty of Paris. 

618. What were the terms of tlie Treaty of 
Paris. 

The terms of the Treaty of Paris were substantially 
these: Complete recognition of independence; Florida was 
given back to Spain ; the United States territory was to 



122 UNITEH STATES HISTORY. 

extend from the great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, east of 
the Mississippi; this river and the lal^es were to be free to 
navigation of both parties; mutual rights in the fisheries 
of Newfoundland; Great Britain was to retain Canada, 
Nova Scotia, and the exclusive control of the St. Law- 
rence. 

619. How had the current expenses of the 
war been met ? 

Congress had provided for the current expenses of the 
war by issuing paper money in enorm^ous quantities. This 
depreciated so much in value that fifty to sixty dollars of 
this paper money were worth one dollar in gold or silver. 

620. What was the cost of this w^ar ? 

The war of the Revolution cost the colonies $80,000,000. 
This included the war debts of the several colonies. The 
cost to Great Britain was much more than this. 

621. Was any fiirtlier opposition made to 
acknowledging the independence of the colonies? 

All parties in England felt deeply the humiliation of 
being compelled to acknowledge the independence of the 
colonies; but none, not even the king, desired to prolong a 
hopeless contest. 

622. When did the army disband ? 

On the third day of November, 1783, the Continental 
army was disbanded; not a company was retained inarms; 
all departed for their homes, to engage at once in peace- 
ful pursuits. 

623. When did the British army leave the 
conntry i 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 125 

By the end of 1783, all the British troops had left the 
country. New York was evacuated on the twenty -fifth of 
November, and Charleston in December. 

624. When did Washington retire ? 

Washington took his farewell of his officers at New 
York on December 4, and then went to Annapolis, where 
Congress was sitting, and gave up his commission as Com- 
mander. 

625. What became of the Royalists when 
peace was made ? 

The Royalists were allowed to leave the country, which 
they did, with the retiring soldiers, most of them going to 
British America. When Boston was evacuated in the first 
year of the war, as many as fifteen hundred went with 
Lord Howe's troops to Halifax. The property of all, at 
the end of the war, was confiscated. 

626. How had prisoners been treated during^ 

this war ? 

American prisoners of war had been treated with great 
inhumanity by the British; they were confined in filthy 
dungeons and in equally filthy ships moored in the har- 
bors. The most noted of these was the Jersey, stationed 
in New York harbor. By this treatment thousands died. 

627. What was done with the armies whicliv 

surrendered at Saratoga and Yorktown ? 

By the terms of the surrender they were sent out of the- 
country on parole. 

628. How had tlie Americans obtained £j;nn- 
powder and guns? 



124 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

The Americans had learned to manufacture implements 
of war, and they were supplied, in part, by exportation 
from friendly countries, as France, and in part by captures 
irom the British. 

629. Did they suffer from want of gunpow- 
der? 

In the early part of the war they suffered greatly from 
want of all the means of war; the great want and cause of 
^nal defeat at Bunker Hill, was the want of gunpowder. 



Formation" of the JSTew Government. 

630. When peace was established, what hin- 
<iered the immediate prosperity of the country ? 

When peace was established, and the pressure of war 
thereby removed, it was found that the country was 
deeply in debt, that many were discontented, and all anx- 
ious, and that there was no government adequate to meet 
the real difficulties. 

631. What were the defects of the Articles of 
Oonf ederation ? 

They made a Confederation but not a Union of States: 
they authorized the making of debts, but not payment of 
them; they gave Congress power to recommend the States 
to do so and so, but not to enforce its recommendations ; 
they gave no power to regulate commerce; they provided 
no head or President for the nation, and no Judiciary; 
they gave no power to levy taxes; in short, they were a 
rope of sand for a troubled people in time of peace; they 
made only a loose union of independent commonwealths. 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 125 

632. What was done to remedy this state of 

things ? 

Washington and others early canvassed the matter of a 
stronger and more strictly defined government, and they 
recommended a convention of the States to consider the 
matter. Five States sent delegates, and after discussion 
these urged a full convention from all the States. Congress 
joined in this request, and in May of the following year, 
1787, delegates appointed by the legislatures of all the States 
except Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia to consider and 
remodel the existing articles of confederation. 

633. What did this convention do? 

This convention, finding that no good could come from 
attempting to remodel, set to work to form a new consti- 
tution. 

634. Was a new constitution framed ? 

Early in September, and after earnest and full debate, 
the Convention agreed upon and adopted the Constitution of 
the United States, and copies were sent to the Legislatures 
of the several states for ratification or rejection, 

635. When and how was it to go into opera- 
tion ? 

This Constitution was to be submitted to the States for 
approval, and when ratified by nine of them was to go 
into operation. 

636. Were all agreed on its adoption ? 

Two parties immediately arose on the question of its 
adoption; the Federalists favoring, and the Anti-Federal- 
ists, or Republicans, opposing. 



126 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

637. What was the main point in dispute 
about it ? 

The main point in dispute was, whether the government 
was too strong, or, as would be said in these days, too 
much centralized; in other words, whether the govern- 
ment of the United States was to be made powerful at the 
expense of the several State governments. 

638. Who were the leaders of those in favor 

of the Constitution ? 

The leaders were Washington, John Jay, James Madi- 
son and Alexander Hamilton. 

639. What publication had great influence in 
favor of its adoption ? 

A series of papers called the "Federalist," written by 
Hamilton and Madison, published in the press of New 
York, fully and ably discussed the question, and did very 
much to settle the dispute in their favor. These papers 
are aihong the best political discussions of the country. 

640. What was the fate of the new Constitu- 
tion? 

Eleven States had adopted the new Constitution by the 
end of 1788. Khode Island and North Carolina did not 
adopt it till after the new government went into operation. 

641. When was the first election? 

An election for the President and YicePresident, which 
the Constitution provided for, was held in January, 1789. 

642. Who were chosen ? 

In this election there was no doubt about the man to be 
put at the head of the government. George Washington, 



THE FOURTH PERIOD. 12T 

gratefully styled by all ''the Father of his country," was 
unanimously chosen President, and John Adams, by the 
same vote, Vice-President, 

643. When had it been provided that the new 

government should begin ? 

It had been provided that the new government should 
begin on March 4; but, owing to the state of the roads, 
most of the members of Congress and the President com- 
ing from, their homes on horseback, it was deferred to- 
April. 

64:4. When was Washington inaugurated? 

Accordingly, Washington was inaugurated as first 
President of the United States of America, at New York,, 
the temporary capital, on April 30, 1789. 

645. Where did Congress meet during the 
war and the Confederation ? 

Congress had met in Philadelphia in 1774-75; in Balti- 
more, 1776; in Philadelphia, 1777; in York and Lancaster, 
1776; in Philadelphia, 1778-1783; in Princeton and An- 
napolis, 1783; in Trenton, 1784; in New York, 1785-89. 

646. How had the United States obtained a 

capital ? 

A district of six miles square on both sides of the Poto- 
mac, had been ceded to the United States by the States of 
Maryland and Virginia. The capital was placed here by 
Congress, and the city was named Washington, in honor 
of General Washington. 



FIFTH PERIOD. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 1789 — 1861. FHOM WASHINGTON TO 
LINCOLN. 

- George WASHmGTON. 1789 — 1797. 

64:7. What was the task before the new gov- 
ernment ? 

The task which met the new government was to settle 
the country, to allay discontent, to pay the debts of the 
confederacy, to establish relations with foreign powers, to 
develop the resources of the country, and to provide reve- 
nue for the support of the government. 

648. What were some of the specific difficul- 
ties of the situation ? 

There was no money in the Treasury, and the United 
States had no mint; the Indians were hostile in spirit; 
Spain refused to allow the navigation of the Mississippi; 
and a large part of the citizens distrusted the form of gov- 
ernment which had been established. 

64:9. Who were Washington's cabinet ? 

Washington's first cabinet was composed of Thomas 
Jefferson, as Secretary of State, Alexander Hamilton, as 
Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Knox, as Secretary of 
War; and Edward Randolph was Attorney General. 

650. How was the debt provided for ? 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 129 

The debt of the several colonies was assumecTby the 
general government, and together with its own, amounting 
to $80,000,000 in all, was funded, that is, all put into one 
form as the debt of the United States, for which the United 
States were pledged. This was afterwards paid in full, as it 
became due. 

651. How was reyenue raised ? 

Money to carry on the government and to pay the debt 
was raised by duties on goods imported from other coun- 
tries, and by a tax on spirits. 

652. How was money provided for ? 

A mint for the coinage of money was established, and 
the Bank of the United States; both in 1791. 

653. To whom was the credit of these finan- 
cial measures due ? 

The credit of these financial measures was due to Alex- 
ander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury. 

654. What was the effect of them ? 

By means of them, confidence was speedily restored, 
trade began to flourish, industries of all sorts revived, and 
the people felt that prosperity was sure to come. 

655. What act in reference to the capital wa& 

passed ? 

In 1790, Congress ordered that for ten years the capital 
should be Philadelphia, and after that at Washington, in 
the District of Columbia. 

656. When did the second Presidential elec- 
. tion occur ? 

The second Presidential election occurred in 1792, when 



130 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Washington was again chosen President, and John Adams 
Vice-President, by a unanimous electoral vote. 

657. What Indian war during Washington's 
second term ? 

During Washington's second terai, the first Indian war 
of the United States was waged against the tribes of the 
Northwest, who had waylaid emigrants and attacked set- 
tlers. 

658. What were the results of this war ? 

They were completely defeated by General Anthony 
Wayne, the hero of Stony Point, and gave up to the 
United States most of what is now Ohio, and part of Indi- 
ana. 

659. What unsettled matters were tending 

to difficulty with England ? 

Debts were due' to the English by Americans; negroes 
were carried off by the British; posts on the frontier had 
not been given up, and American seamen were impressed. 

660. What treaty was made, and by whom ? 
John Jay was sent as ambassador to England, and he 

negotiated a treaty on all these points but the last, and also 
a commercial treaty; this was ratified by the Senate, 
after violent opposition, in 1795. 

661. What treaty was made with Spain ? 

In 1795 a treaty was made with Spain, which settled the 
disputed boundaries of Florida, and provided for the nav- 
igation of the Mississippi. 

662. What treaty was made with Algiers? 
The pirates of the Barbary State of Algiers had preyed 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 131 

upon American ships. A. treaty was made in this year, 
1795, by which American commerce was protected from 
further depredations, and the Mediterranean was open to 
American ships. 

663. What important invention was made? 

Eh Whitney, born in Massachusetts and resident in 
Georgia, invented the "cotton gin," a machine for clean- 
ing cotton by separating the seeds from tlie fibre. 

66-i. What was tlie effect of this invention ? 

This invention created the great industry of the South, 
the raising of cotton. That cotton was ever king is due to 
this invention. Cotton soon supplanted wool, flax, and 
silk as material for cK)thi g. 

665. How far west did the territory of the 
several States extctid ( 

By their colonial charters the territory of the original 
States extended to Wm Pavitic Ocean, which, of course, 
was limited to tin' Mi>sis-ii)pi by the treaty of Paris. The 
States one after ano'h^ r gave up their western territory to 
the United State-. 

666. Ilow \v 'ih; these western Territories set- 
tled? 

These western T< rritories were settled by emigrants 
from the original States. Immediately after tlie establish- 
ment of the govi^-nmcnt, the tide of travel to the West 
began, and it has continued to the present time. 

667. When did Washington retire from pub- 
lic affairs ? 

Washington relin'd from public affairs at the close of 



132 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

his second term of office, March 4, 1797, after declining a 
re-eiection for a third term. 

66S. What famous document did lie issue on 
this occasion ? 

On doing this, he wrote his ''Farewell Address" to the 
American people, full of sound and patriotic advice with 
reference to loving and cherishing the Union of the States, 
avoiding all foreign complications, and cultivating a spirit 
of good-will and integrity among themselves. This is one 
of the wisest and most famous political documents of the 
fathers of the Republic. 

669. How did the country regard Washington 

and his services ? 

The country regarded TVashington and his services with 
very great veneration and gratitude. He was literally, 
'* First in peace, first in war, and first in the hearts of his 
countrymen.*' 

670. Were there any exceptions to this ? 

Washington, like all prominent men, had enemies and 
maligners. He was accused of being fond of display and 
of imitating royalty, of being exclusive and aristocratic, 
and of being too fond of introducing British iiustoms and 
ideas. 

671. What was his character ? 

"Washington was, beyond all question, a good and great 
man. He was patriotic, of unspotted integrity, sagacious 
and prudent. His military services, his wisdom in coun- 
cil, his firmness in action, and his unswerving fidelity 
against all temptation, distinguish him among all the 
noble men of all times. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 133 

672. During Washington's administration, 

what political parties had arisen? 

During Washington's administration, public opinion 
had gradually divided on important points of national pol- 
icy, such as the United States Bank, the assumption of the 
State debts, and the treaty with England. The opponents 
of these, the chief of whom were Jefferson, Madison and 
Randolph, were called Republicans, as the first opponents 
of the Constitution had been ; and the advocates of these 
measures, among whom Adams and Hamilton were chief, 
were called Federalists. 

673. When did the next election of President 

occur? 

The third election of President occurred in 1796, when 
each party strove to elect its own candidate; the first 
occurrence of party strife on this question. 

674. Who was elected ? 

John Adams, of Massachusetts, the Federalist candi- 
date, was elected, but by a majority of only two electoral 
votes over Thomas Jefferson, the Republican candidate. 
The latter was chosen Vice-President. 

675. When did Washington die ? 

Washington died at his countryseat, Mount Yernon, in 
Virginia, December 14, 1799, aged eighty*six years. 

Of ^^ 
John Adams. 1797—1801. 

676. What was the term of Adams's adminis- 
tration ? 

John Adams was President from 1797 to 1801. 



134 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

6YY. What was the internal condition of the 

country during his administration ? 

During his administration, affairs at home were pros- 
perous and happy. The people were busily engaged in 
making new settlements, and in prosecuting the arts and 
industries of peaceful life, unfettered by needless restraints 
or odious laws. 

678. What trouble arose with France? 

The French Revolution had broken out, and France had 
become a Republic in 1793, while Washington was Presi- 
dent. The French minister, Mr. Genet, had thought that 
he might do anything in America to assist the republicans 
in France, and he had begun to fit out French privateers 
in American ports. 

679. How was this wrong ? 

This was wrong because the United States were at 
peace with France. 

680. What demand had Washington made? 

Washington, therefore, had demanded that Minister 
Genet be called home by his government. 

681. How was this trouble increased during 

the administration of Adams ? 

In the course of the struggle in France she had become 
involved in war with England. Republican France thought 
that republican America would help her against the old 
enemy of both. This the United States did not do, 

682. How did the French Eepublic treat the 
United States in retaliation ? 

The vessels of France captured American merchant 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 135 

ships, and the ambassadors sent to France were refused 
permission to meet the French government, unless a pres- 
ent of money were first made. 

683. How did these things aflfect the people ? 

There was intense excitement and indignation, and 
those who would otherwise have greatly sympathized with 
the French Republicans were silenced by these outrages. 

684. What did Congress do ? 

Congress made ready to protect the commerce of the 
country, and for war, if necessary to defend themselves, 
by authorizing American vessels to seize armed French 
vessels, and by raising a small army, of which.WashingtOn 
was appointed commander. 

685. Was there any fighting? 

The American ship Constellation had a severe^fight with 
a French ship, and captured her. 

686. How was the trouble allayed ? 

In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte took control of French 
affairs; with him a treaty was made in^lSOO, which hap- 
pily averted all further danger. 

687. What werfe the principal political meas- 
ures of this administration ? 

The Alien and Sedition laws were the chief political 
measures of this administration, and caused it to be very 
unpopular. 

688. What was the Alien law? 

The principal feature of the Alien law was that it 
authorized the President to send out of the country any 



136 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

foreigner whose presence or conduct he might think to be 
injurious. 

689. Would this give liim power to send away 

such men as Minister Genet ? 

It would give him this power, although these were rep- 
resentatives of foreign nations. 

690. How, then, ought an obnoxious foreign 

minister to be got rid of ? 

A government may demand the recall of an obnoxious 
minister, and, if he is still retained, may refuse intercourse 
with him. But any government, as a rule, recalls a man 
who, for any cause, is obnoxious to the government to 
which he is sent. 

691. What was the Sedition law ? 

The Sedition law provided that any one libelling Con- 
gress, or the President, or any officers of the United States, 
could be punished by fine or by imprisonment. 

692. What was the provocation for the pas- 
sage of these laws ? 

The bitter and unjust things which had been said 
against the government by sympathisers with France, and 
the arrogant course of Minister Genet in using America as 
French battle-ground, led to the passage of these laws. 

693. What was the effect of them ? 

They were assailed by the Republican party as interfer- 
ing with the right of free speech, and as giving tyrannical 
power over obnoxious persons to the President. They 
helped to bring the administration into great disfavor. 



THE FIFTH P PERIOD. 137 

694. What was the state of parties at the close 
of this administration ? 

Party spirit was very bitter and violent at the close of 
this administration. 

695. Who was chosen President in 1800 ? 

Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and leader of the opponents of Adams and the 
Federalists, was chosen President in 1800, and was inaug- 
urated March 4, 1801, at Washington, to which place the 
seat of government had been removed in 1800. Aaron Burr 
was chosen Yice-President. 

696. How was Jefferson chosen ? 

There was no choice in the election b}'^ the people ; that 
is, no candidate had received a majority of all the electoral 
votes. In this case the election was to be made by the 
House of Representatives in Congress, each State having 
one vote. After a contest of more than a week, Jefferson 
was chosen over Adams, who was a candidate for re-elec- 
tion. Jefferson was re-elected in 1804, with George Clin- 
ton as Vice President. 



Thomas Jefferson. 1801 — 1S09. 

697. What was Jefferson's personal character? 

Though from one of the oldest families in Virginia, 
Jefferson was, and prided himself on being, a man of sim- 
ple tastes and unostentatious habits. He desired but little 
ceremony at his inauguration; always dressed plainly; 
rode on horseback to the Capitol, and tied his own horse 
to the railings. 



138 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

698. What was the most important event of 
his administration ? 

The purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000, 
in 1803, was the most important event of this administra- 
tion. 

699. Of whom was it purchased? 

By a secret treaty with Bonaparte, Spain had ceded her 
American possessions west of the Mississippi to France in 
return for his making a Bourbon prince a king, and thi& 
was sold to America by Bonaparte. 

700. What was the extent of this purchase ? 

It comprised over a million square miles of territory 
west of the Mississippi. 

YOl. Was this purchase according to the Con- 
stitution ? 

This purchase was certainly outside of any direct 
powers conferred by the Constitution, but was, neverthe- 
less, a judicious and justifiable, and even a necessary act. 

702. What noted duel wa^s fought? 

The Vice-President, Aaron Burr, and Alexander Ham- 
ilton had long been at variance both politically and per- 
sonally. Finally, on Burr's challenge, a duel was fought 
in which Hamilton was killed, July 11, 1804. 

703. What was the end of Burr ? 

In 1806 he was planning a secret expedition down the 
Ohio, and was accused of meaning to divide the Union, 
and to conquer Mexico. On his trial for treason, he was 
acquitted, though the charges were generally believed, and 
he died a political and social outcast. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 139 

Y04. What important invention during this 

administration ? 

In 1807 Robert Fulton's steamer Clermont sailed from 
New York to Albany in thirty-six hours. Curiously 
enough, men doubted even then whether it could be done 
again, or whether such boats would be of any value* 

705. What were the relations of the United 
States with France after the purchase of Louis- 
iana? 

England and France were at war; England forbade 
trade with France, and France with England. The United 
States, not being engaged on either side, did a lucrative 
business in conveying food to these countries. 

706. How was this stopped ? 

To prevent this, England declared a blockade of French 
ports ; that is, forbade ships to enter these ports under pen- 
alty of seizure and confiscation. Bonaparte, on his side, 
declared a similar blockade of England . This effectually 
stopped all commerce with those two countries. 

707. Were these acts directed against the 

United States? 

These acts were not directly intended to injure the 
United States, but as acts of war between France and 
England. 

708. What more direct outrage did England 

commit? 

The English claimed that they had the right to stop 
American vessels on the seas, and take from them seamen 
of British birth. 



140 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

709. What flagrant instance occurred in 1807? 

One ship, the Chesapeake y in 1807, refused to allow four 
men to be carried off in this way, and a fight ensued in 
which the Chesapeake' y^di^ beaten. The four men were 
then seized, but it was found that three of the four were 
American citizens. 

710. On what ground was this right claimed ? 

This right was claimed on the ground that a British 
subject remains a British subject always, and is, therefore, 
liable to do military duty though he may have left the 
country, and have resided in another. 

711. Were many seized in prosecution of this 

search ? 

At one time six thousand such citizens were registered 
in the Department of State, at Washington. 

•712. What did President Jefferson do? 

The President, by a proclamation, forbade all British 
vessels from entering ports of the United States, 

713. What did the British then do ? 

The British issued the "Order in Council," so called, 
forbidding all nations to trade with France and her allies, 
except on payment of tribute to herself. 

714. How did Bonaparte retaliate? 

Bonaparte retaliated promptlj^ by the ** Milan Decree," 
so called because he issued it at Milan, which threatened 
to confiscate every vessel which paid this tribute to Eng- 
land or had been searched by her. 

715. How did Congress meet all this ? 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 141 

Congress, in December, 1807, decreed an embargo on 
all American commerce. By this all American vessels 
and sailors were called home, and foreign vessels were not 
allowed to take any cargo from American ports. 

716. What was the eflEect of these various 

declarations and embargoes ? 

The effect was to ruin our commerce, to cause great 
distress among merchants and seamen, and presently to 
bring on war. 

717. What was the effect on the popularity of 

the administration ? 

These various acts, thought by the President and Con- 
gress to be for the honor of the country, made many go 
over from the Republican to the Federalist party. 

718. Why was not Jefferson re-elected ? 

Jefferson, following the example of Washington, de- 
clined to be a candidate for a third term, as many desired 
him to be, 

719. Who succeeded Jefferson as President ? 

In 1808, James Madison, of Virginia, was elected Pres- 
ident, and was re elected in 1812. George Clinton, of New 
York, was elected Vice-President. 

720. To which party did these belong ? 

The Republican party had gained in some parts of the 
country what it had lost in others, and again elected its 
candidates, Madison and Clinton. Elbridge Gerry was 
Vice-President during the second term. 



142 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



James Madison. 1809—1817. 

721. With what was this administration 
mainly concerned ? 

This administration was mainly concerned with the 
troubles with England, and the war which followed in 
1812. 

722. What was done with the Embargo Act 

of 1807? 

TheEmbargo was repealed early in 1809, but a Non-Inter- 
course act prohibited all commerce between Great Britain 
and France and the United States. 

723. What Indian war in this administration? 

In 1811, the Indians at the Northwest again committed 
depredations, and General Harrison defeated them at Tip- 
pecanoe. He was afterward called the ''Hero of Tippe- 
canoe," 

724. Who were the leading Indians in thiw 

war? 

The principal Indians in this war were the famous 
Tecumseh, and his brother the Prophet. These men used 
all the arts of the Indian to stir up a general feeling of hos- 
tility against the whites, just as Pontiac had done before. 

725. What other Indian war ? 

In 1813, the Creeks and Seminoles rose in arms, and took 
Fort Mimms in Alabama, butchering three hundred men, 
women and children. General Jackson, with the militia 
of Georgia and Tennessee, marched against them, and com- 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 145 

pletely defeated them after several fights, the principal of 
which was at Tohopeka, on the Tallapoosa River. 

726. What was the financial condition of the 
country ? # 

The charter of the Bank of the United States expired in 
1811, and most of the other banks suspended specie pay- 
ment, which caused much commercial embarrassment for 
a time. 

The Second War with England. 

727. What caused this War? 

The continued aggressions of Great Britain upon Amer- 
ican commerce and seamen, as already given [pp. 139-141} 
finally resulted in war with that power. 

728. When did the war begin and end ? 

Congress declared war in June, 1812. The war closed 
January, 1815, though peace was made sooner. 

729. Did all favor the war ? 

The Federalists as a body did not favor this war, think- 
ing it unnecessary, though not unjust. 

730. Where was the seat of the war ? 

The war was both naval and military. The fighting 
on land was mostly on the Canadian frontier, and about 
Washington and New Orleans. The naval engagements 
were on the ocean and on Lakes Erie and Champlain. 

731. What was the general result of this fight- 
ing? 

On the water the Americans won a series of victories> 



144 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

suffering some defeats also ; on land, they met with disas- 
ters at first, and with mixed defeats and victories after- 
ward. 

Y32. What was the principal naval engage- 
ment at sea ? 

The naval engagements at sea were mostly between 
single vessels. In June, 1813, the American frigate Cfies- 
■apeake was captured by the British frigate Shannon, this 
being the first instance in which the American flag on the 
ocean had struck to the enemy. 

733. What were the principal naval engage- 
ments on the lakes ? 

A fleet — nine small ships in all, carrying fifty -four guns 
— under Commodore Perry, met a similar fleet of the Brit- 
ish — six vessels, carrying sixty guns — in September, 1813, 
on Lake Erie, and completely defeated it. In 1814, a 
similar fleet on Lake Champlain under Commodore Mc- 
Donough defeated the British fleet as completely. 

734. What were the principal operations on 
land? 

General Hull surrendered to the British at Detroit with- 
out a fight in 1812. After Perry's victory. General Harri- 
son defeated the British and Indians at the Thames River 
in Canada. General Brown, in 1813, invaded Canada by 
way of the Niagara River, and General Scott defeated the 
British at Lundy's Lane. In the first year of the war, the 
Americans had attempted an invasion of Canada at the 
same place, and were defeated. In 1814, a British army, 
-co-operating with the fleet on Lake Champlain, was 
•defeated at Plattsburgh. In the same year, a British 
force under General Ross captured Washington, burned 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 145 

the capitol, public library, and the President's house. This 
army, with a fleet, attacked Baltimore, but was repulsed. 

735. When was peace made ? 

The treaty of peace was signed on December 34, 1814^ 
at Ghent, and was called the Treaty of Ghent. 

736. What action was fought after the treaty- 
was made ? 

After the treaty was made, but before the news had 
reached America, the most severe battle of the war was 
fought, and the most brilliant victory was won at New 
Orleans by the Americans under General Jackson. 

Y3T. Who commanded the British force, and 
what was their loss ? 

The British, with a force of 10,000 under Sir Edward 
Packenham, attacked that city, and were completely 
defeated. More than two thousand British were killed or 
wounded, and only thirteen Americans. This engagement 
had no effect on the treaty of peace. 

738. How was the news of peace received ? 
The news of peace was received with the utmost joy. 

739. What were the terms of the treaty ? 

The treaty said nothing about the impressment of sea- 
men, but they were never after impressed; nor about 
the restriction of commerce, which was not continued r 
other matters of minor importance were satisfactorily 
arranged by this treaty, but the causes of the war were 
scarcely mentioned. 

740. When was peace declared ? 



146 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

The Treaty of Ghent was >atified in February, 1815, 
and immediately proclaimed. 

Y41. What was the debt at the close of the 
war? 

The debt of the United States at the close of the second 
war with England was $117,000,000, which was all paid 
in a few years from the ordinary revenues of the country. 

742. What special opposition to the govern- 
ment was made ? 

Soon after the capture of Washington, a convention of 
delegates from the New England States met at Hartford, 
and deliberated in secret. This, called the Hartford Con- 
vention, has always been regarded with suspicion. 

743. What did the Convention do ? 

It did nothing, however, but recommend certain 
changes in the Constitution. It was supposed at the time 
to be in opposition to the further prosecution of the war, 
which this part of the country never favored. 

James Monroe. 1817 — 1825. 

744. Who succeeded Madison in the Presi- 
dency ? 

James Monroe, of Virginia, was elected President in 
1816, and again in 1820. Daniel D. Tompkins, of New 
York, was elected Vice-President at both^of these elections. 

745. To v^hat party did Monroe belong ? 
Monroe was elected by an almost unanimous vote, 

though he was the candidate of the Eepublicans. 



• THE FIFTH PERIOD. 147 

746. What name is given to this period of 

American politics ? 

This period is called ''the era of good feeling." Polit- 
ical strife was almost extinct, and personal animosities 
caused by political difficulties almost died out through the 
nation. 

747. What journey did the President make ? 

The President made a journey through the Eastern 
States, and was everywhere received with ** elaborate 
pomp " and with the greatest courtesy. 

748. What effect had the cessation of war on 

prosperity ? 

The cessation of war introduced a period of great indus- 
try and activity in all departments, and the country was 
very prosperous. 

749. What Indian war during this adminis- 
tration ? 

A war with the Seminoles in Florida broke out in 1817. 
It was alleged that the Spanish encouraged them to attack 
settlements in Georgia. 

750. Who was sent against them ? 

General Jackson was sent against them, and, after 
whipping them in Georgia, entered Florida and seized 
Pensacola. After a long and bloody fight, they were 
wholly beaten. 

751. What treaty grew out of this war? 

* Out of the negotiations with Spain about this invasion 
of their territory by Americans, a treaty with Spain grew, 
by which Florida was ceded to the United States for 



148 UNITED STATES HISTORY: 

$5,000,000 in 1821. The treaty was made in 1819, but not 
ratified by Spain till 1821. 

752. What noted controversy about slavery 
occurred in this administration ? 

In 1820, Missouri asked for admission into the Union 
as a slave State. The Xorth opposed this on the ground 
that no more slave States should be received into the 
Union. After a prolonged contest, the State was admitted 
under the so-called Missouri Compromise. 

753. What was this compromise ? 

The compromise was, that this State should be admit- 
ted as a slave State, but that all territory north of its 
southern boundary — that is, north of 36° 20 'north latitude 
— should be free territory. 

754. Who advocated this compromise ? 

This compromise was proposed and earnestly advocated 
by Henry Clay, and was the first of a series of compro- 
mises about slavery and slave territory. 

755. What was the Monroe Doctrine ? 

The Monroe Doctrine, so called from Monroe, who 
announced it, was only a statement of his own opinion in 
a message to Congress about the South American Repub- 
lics, to the effect that the American continents are not ta 
be considered as subjects for future colonization by Euro- 
pean powers. 

756. Has this doctrine ever been made a law ? 

This doctrine has generally been accepted by American 
statesmen and by the people, but it has not been embodied 
in any law of the United States. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 149 

757. Who came to America in 1824? 

In 1824, Lafayette visited America, and remained more 
than a year, as the guest of the nation. 

758. How was he received? 

He was everywhere received with the greatest joy and 
honor. His journey through the country was like a tri- 
umphal march. 

759. What public act did he do? 

He helped to lay the corner stone of the Bunker Hill 
monument, on June 17. 

760. What was the state of politics at the 
close of this administration ? 

New parties arose before Munroe's second term closed. 
The Whig party, as it was afterward called, was formed 
in opposition to the Eepublicans, or, as they were now 
more generally called, the Democrats. 

761. What did the new party favor ? 

The new party favored a tariff for protection ; that is, 
duties high enough to keep out foreign goods, so as to 
encourage or protect home manufactures. They also 
favored internal improvements; that is, improvement of 
the rivers, harbors, etc., by the general government; all of 
which the Democrats opposed. 

762. Who was chosen President ? 

There was again no choice of President by the electoral 
vote in 1824, and the House of Representatives, after a 
heated contest, chose John Quincy Adams, son of John 
Adams. 



150 risnTED states history. 

763. Who received more electoral votes at this 

election than Adams ? 

In the electoral college, Andrew Jackson received more 
votes than Adams, but the House chose the latter. 

764. To what party did he belong ? 

There were six candidates, representing the various 
political opinions of the time: Adams was a Republican, 
with leanings toward the new Whig party. 

765. Who was chosen Yice-President ? 

John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, was chosen Vice- 
President by the electoral college. 

766. What charges were made about this elec- 
tion? 

It was charged that this election was effected by bar- 
gains among the friends of the contending parties, offices 
being promised as a reward for votes. 

John Quincy Adams. 1S25 — 1829. 

767. What remarkable event took place in 

1826? 

In July 4th, 1826, just fifty years after the Declaration 
of Independence, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died. 

768. What were the ages of these men ? 
Adams was ninety years old ; Jefferson was eighty-two. 

769. How were these men regarded ? 

These men were held in the highest esteem, and were 
regarded as among the Fathers of the Republic. Their 
integrity, patriotism, and devotion to the cause of freedom 
in America were second to none, not even to Washington's. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 151 

770. What was the main, political question of 

this administration ? 

The main political question during this administration 
was in reference to the tariff. 

771. What were the differences of opinion ? - 

Some held that duties on foreign goods should be high 
enough to protect home manufactures from foreign com- 
petition; others that they should be only sufficient to bring 
in needed revenue. 

772. Who favored these different views ? 

The manufacturing districts, particularly New England, 
favored a high tariff; the agricultural districts, particularly 
the South, favored a low tariff. 

773. Which prevailed ? 

In 1828, a high tariff was enacted by Congress, under 
the lead of Henry Clay. This was called the American 
system. 

774. What was the effect? 

This new tariff led to violent disputes, and, in the next 
administration, to serious difficulty. 

775. What was the condition of the treasury ? 

The debt was fast growing less, and there was a large 
surplus in the treasury, 

776. What public improvements were made ? 

Much money was expended in building light-houses, in 
fortifying the sea coast, in making roads and surveys. In 
these various enterprises, more than $10,000,000 was 
expended. 



152 m^ITED STATES HISTORY. 

"777. What other enterprises were completed ? 

The Erie Canal was opened from Buffalo to Albany; 
the Ohio and Chesapeake Canal was begun; the Delaware 
and Hudson Canal was made, and the first railroad was 
opened. 

778. What party had control in Congress ? 

President Adams' friends were in a minority in the 
Senate, and they had a majority in the House for one ses- 
sion only. 

779. What Indian difficulty in this adminis- 
tration ? 

In 1802, Georgia relinquished her claim to Mississippi 
Territory, and the government of the United States had 
agreed to buy and give up to the State the lands of the 
Creek Indians within her borders. This was difficult of 
accomplishment, but in 1826 the Creeks made a cession of 
their lands, and were removed to the Indian Territory. 

780. Who was elected to succeed Adams ? 

Mr. Adams was a candidate for re-election in 1828, but 

was defeated by Andrew Jackson, the Democratic candi- 
date, by a large majority. John C. Calhoun was again 
elected Vice-President. In 1832, Jackson was re-elected, 
with Martin YanBuren as Vice-President. 

Andrew Jackson. 1829 — 1837. 

781. What important political doctrine was 
introduced and practiced during this administra- 
tion ? 

The doctrine of rotation in office was introduced by 
Jackson, which means that offices are to be filled by politi- 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 153 

€al friends of the party in power; this has been practiced 
ever since. 

782. To what extent was this done ? 

During the first year of Jackson*s administration, more 
than seven hundred removals from office for political rea- 
sons were made. During the whole previous history of 
the government, not a hundred removals had been made. 

783. What were the two chief political topics 

of this administration ? 

The two chief political topics of this administration 
were the Bank of the United States and the Tariff laws, 
together with the complications arising out of these. 

784. What attitude did Jackson take toward 

the Bank of the United States ? 

In his first annual message, Jackson opposed the re- 
chartering of the United States Bank, which was to expire 
in 1836, believing that the Bank was unconstitutional and 
a means of dishonesty and corruption in the government. 

785. What action did Congress take ? 

A bill for its renewal was passed, and he vetoed it, in 
1832. The Bank was closed in 1836 by the expiring of its 
charter. 

786. What still bolder act did he do ? 

In 1833, by his own act, he removed the United States 
money, deposited according to law in the United States 
Bank, from that Bank to several State Banks. 

787. What was the financial effect of this ? 

These State Banks then had money to loan, which they 
did freely. This led to wild speculation in which all 



154 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

seemed eager to engage, and to great commercial distress 
afterward. 

788. What other act of the same kind fol- 
lowed ? 

President Jackson further ordered all land agents in 
charge of United States lands to receive specie only in pay- 
ment for such lands. 

789. What was the effect of this ? 

The effect of this was to secure the government against 
loss from worthless paper money, and also to injure busi- 
ness for the time by limiting the circulation of the notes of 
the State banks. 

790. What was done with the surplus money 

of the United States ? 

The United States had about $30,000,000 deposited in 
various State banks. Congress ordered this to be with- 
drawn from these banks, and to be distributed to the 
States, according to their population. 

791. What was the reason for this action ? 

The national debt was practically all paid ; the general 
government did not need the money for any immediate 
purpose; it was thought right, therefore, to divide it 
among the people, who had paid it into the treasury of 
the United States. 

792. What did the States do with this money? 

The several States, for the most part, appropriated it, in 
one way or another, to the support of schools. 

793. What Indian war in this administration? 
The Black Hawk war, in 1882^ is noted among Indian 



THE FIFTH PEBIOD. 155 

wars. The Indians of Wisconsin, including the Sacs, 
Foxes, and Winnebagos, under their chief. Black Hawk, 
resisted the advance of the whites, and committed more 
than the usual depredations, 

794. What was the result ? 

The result was the uniform one; that is, the Indians 
were defeated, and forced to give up large tracts of west- 
ern lands. 

795. Whose lands were these ? 

These lands, along the Eock River in Illinois, had been 
purchased by the United States twenty -five years before, 
but not being occupied by white settlers, the Indians had 
been allowed to remain on them. When white settlers did 
come in, they were attacked and murdered. 

796. What tariff was passed in 1832 ? 

In 1832, Congress passed another high Tariff Bill, 
which, though reducing some duties, greatly excited and 
enraged the agricultural districts. South Carolina in par- 
ticular. 

797. What did South Carolina do? 

A convention chosen in the State met and declared that 
the new tariff was null and void, and that no duties should 
ije paid, or any appeal allowed to the President or the 
Supreme Court, and that if the government of the United 
States should attempt to enforce the tariff, the State would 
secede from the Union. 

798. What did this action assume ? 

This action assumed that a State could nullify a law of 
the United States, and resist its execution. John C. Cal- 
houn was a strong supporter of this nullifying act. 



156 UlsTTED STATES HISTORY. 

799. How did the President act ? 

The President acted promptly and firmly. He issued 
a proclamation, declaring that the law should be enforced, 
and that '* the Union must and shall be preserved." All 
the military posts were put in readiness, and Gleneral Scott 
was sent to Charleston. 

800. What was the effect of these measures ? 

These measures restrained the people of South Carolina 
from overt acts of rebellion, or secession. 

801. What did Congress do about the Tariff ? 

A compromise tariff was soon after passed, under the 
leadership of Henry Clay, which provided for a gradual 
reduction of duties, and for the time settled the difficulty. 

802. Was this a settlement of the principle at 

stake ? 

This was not a settlement of the principle at stake, but 
only a temporary surrender, or at best a compromise. The 
nullifying act was not repealed, nor its usurpation 
acknowledged. It was simply not put into force, owing to 
the combined influence of the President's determination 
and the concessions of Congress. 

803. What Indian war during the second 

term of Jackson ? 

The Seminole war in Florida was renewed in 1835 by 
an attempt to move that tribe west of the Mississippi, in 
accordance with a treaty made with them. They were 
not fully subdued till 1842, when all were removed. 

804. What was Jackson's personal character ? 
Jackson was an honest, fearless, impetuous, headstrong 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 157 

man. He was always sure he was right, aod never hesi- 
tated to do as he thought best. 

805. How was he regarded by those about 
him? 

He was much loved by his political friends, and equally 
hated by his enemies. He went, among the people, by 
the various names of Old Hickory, Old Koman, the Hero 
of New Orleans, and these names always imply a certain 
degree of popularity. 

806. Who was elected to succeed him ? 

In 1836, Martin Yan Buren was elected President, and 
Hichard M. Johnson, Yice-President, 

807. What was the political significance of 
this election ? 

This election signified no United States Bank, no nullifl- 
fication, and the continuance of the general policy of the 
last eight years. 

Martin Yan Buren. 1837—1841. 

808. What financial trouble marked the be- 
ginning of this administration ? 

The financial crisis known as the ** panic of '37" 
occurred in the first year of YanBuren's administration. 
Nearly all the banks of the country suspended payment, 
and much suffering and distress resulted in all mercantile 
and industrial pursuits. Failures to the amount of $100,- 
000,000 occurred in two months, March and April, in New 
York. 

809. What caused this panic ? 

It was the result of the extravagant speculations of the 



158 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

preceding years, which in turn were produced by the 
plentifulness of paper money. 

810. What did Congress do to remedy the 

evil? 

Congress met in extra session, and, among other meas- 
ures, issued ten millions of treasury notes, or United 
States promises to pay, which only in part remedied the 
evil. 

811. What plan was proposed for keeping the 

money of the government ? 

The President recommended that the money of the 
government should not be kept in State or other banks, 
but should be committed to the care of the Treasurer at 
Washington, and to Assistant Treasurers in certain desig- 
nated places. 

812. Was the plan adopted ? 

This was violently opposed by the Whig party, and 
though repealed while Tyler was President, was again 
enacted while Polk was President, and is the present law. 

813. What was this measure called? 

This was known as the Sub Treasury Bill, and brought 
for the time great unpopularity to the Democrats who 
passed it. 

814. What is the principle of the bill ? 

The principle of the bill is that no company or indi- 
vidual shall be able to use the money of the government 
for any purpose, but it shall simply be kept safe for the 
government to whom it belongs. 

815. What difficulty arose in Canada ? 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 159 

In the same year, 1837, a rebellion against the British 
government broke out in Canada. Many Americans 
desired to assist the Canadians, and crossed the line for 
this purpose. 

816. What did the President do ? 

The President, in a proclamation, warned all such 
sympathisers that in aiding the insurrection in Canada 
they would forfeit the protection of the United States. 
Some fighting was done along the Canadian line by British 
troops and these ** Patriots," but the rebellion was easily 
and quickly suppressed. 

817. What domestic agitation prevailed all 
through this administration ? 

The agitation of some parts of the North against slavery 
began to be active. Abolition societies were formed; 
anti-slavery meetings, often broken up by mobs, were held 
in many northern cities; anti-slavery papers were ci^cu 
lated; and one zealous agitator, Owen Love joy, was killed 
at Alton, Illinois. 

William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. 
1841—1845. 

818. Who succeeded Van Buren ? 

The financial and the Sub-Treasury Law troubles made 
a great change, for the time, in the political sentiment of 
the country. In the election of 1840, William Henry Har- 
rison, of Ohio, the Whig candidate formerly defeated, was 
elected President by a very large majority. John Tyler, 
of Virginia, was elected Vice-President. 

819. How long was Harrison President ? 



160 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Harrison lived only a month after his inauguration as 
President. 

820. Wiat was thought to be the canse of his 

death ? 

He was sixty -nine years old, had been accustomed to a 
Tery plain and simple mode of life, and was unable to 
bear the strain of a different manner of living, and the 
constant importunities of the crowds of office-seekers who 
thronged Washington at the opening of the first Whig 
administration the country had known. 

821. Who became President ? 

According to the Constitution, John Tyler became 
President on the death of Harrison. 

822. How did the new President meet the 

expectations of his political friends ? 

President Tyler greatly disappointed those who had 
elected him by opposing their principal measures. 

823. What did he especially oppose ? 

He especially opposed a re-charter of the United States 
Bank, vetoing two bills by which the Whigs sought to 
re-establish it. 

824. For what is this President noted? 

President Tyler is noted for his repeated votes of bills 
passed by those who had favored his election. 

825. What bonndarj^ line was settled ? 

The northeast boundary of the United States, between 
Maine and New Brunswick, had always been in dispute, 
:and had threatened serious difficulty with England. This 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 161 

was peacefully settled in 1842 by Daniel Webster and 
Lord Ashburton. 

826. What trouble arose in Rhode Island ? 

The charter granted to Rhode Island in 1663 continued 
to be the constitution of this State. Many desired a change 
for a more liberal and modern constitution, which othera 
violently opposed. 

827. How was this attempted ? 

The party desiring a change, under Thomas Dorr^ 
attempted to carry their wishes into effect without the 
sanction of law, and to this end resorted to force. The 
United States sent troops who restored order. A new con- 
stitution was soon adopted in a legal manner. 

828. What was done with Dorr ? 

Dorr was tried for treason, and sentenced to imprison- 
ment for life, but was subsequently released and restored 
to all his rights, 

829. What important invention was first used 

during this administration ? 

The electric telegraph was first used for public pur- 
poses at the convention in Baltimore which nominated Mr. 
Tyler's successor. 

830. Who was the inventor ? 

It was the invention of Professor S. F. B. Morse, and 
had been perfected by him so as to be used in this manner 
between Baltimore and Washington, after great labor and 
much expense. 

831. What new religious sect arose? 

In 1840, the Mormons had settled at Nauvoo, Illinois. 



162 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

The people rose against them in a mob, killed their leader. 
Joseph Smith, and drove the rest out of the city. 

832. Where did they go from K^auvoo ? 

They went but to Iowa, and afterward to Utah, where 
they now are. 

833. What large territory was annexed to the 

United States during this administration ? 

The Republic of Texas. It had declared itself free of 
Mexico, to which it had belonged. The Texans had been 
victorious in battle over the Mexican troops, but Mexico 
had not acknowledged its independence. 

834. How was this annexation brought about? 

The Texans applied for annexation to the United States 

in 1844. Congress at first rejected this application. This 
annexation was the main political question in the election 
of President which took place in November of that year. 
The candidate who favored that election having been 
elected. Congress, before the expiration of Tyler's term of 
office, admitted Texas into the Union. 

835. Did Tvler favor this annexation ? 

Tyler favored this annexation, and three days before 
going out of office signed the bill passed by Congress to 
this effect. 

836. What was the personal character of 
Tyler ? 

Tyler was a vain man, of very moderate abilities, and 
was devoted to his section and its prejudices rather than 
to any political principles. The Whigs called him a rene- 
gade, and were exceedingly bitter towards him. He did 
not deserve all the abuse he received. His treatment of 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 163 

his Whig associates cannot be justified, nor did he com- 
mend himself to the Democrats as a man to be their next 
candidate. 

837. How did he end his days ? 

In the great crisis of the civil war, he finally joined the 
Confederates, and died while a member of their Congress at 
Richmond. 

838. Who was elected to succeed him ? 

In the election of 1844, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, 
was elected President in opposition to Henry Clay, the 
candidate of the Whigs. 

839. How did these candidates stand on the 
question of the annexation of Texas ? 

Mr. Polk was openly for the annexation of Texas. The 
wish of Clay was uncertain. He was understood by many 
to favor the scheme in certain contingencies, while he was 
believed by most to be extremely desirous of being Presi- 
dent, and this made them distrust his possible action in 
reference to the extension of slavery. 

840. What third candidate was nominated, 

and what was the result ? 

Those who opposed the annexation in any event, nom- 
inated an anti-slavery candidate, James G. Birney, which 
without doubt caused the election of Polk by dividing the 
votes of those opposed to annexation between Clay and 
Birney. 

841. Who was chosen Yice-President ? 

George M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, was chosen Vice- 
President. 



164 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 



James K. Polk. 1845—1849. 

842. What was the principal event of Polk's 

administration ? 

The principal event of Polk's administration was the 
Mexican war. 

843. How was this brought about ? 

The annexation of Texas, which Mexico still claimed 
as part of her territory, was the real cause ; the apparent 
cause was a disagreement about the boundary of Texas, 
and the occupation of the disputed territory by American 
troops, and their being attacked there by the Mexicans. 

844. What was claimed as the boundary ? 

The Eio Grande was claimed, while the Neuces was 
granted as the boundary of Texas. 

845. What were the circumstances ? 

General Taylor had advanced to the Rio Grande, which 
the Mexicans considered an invasion of Mexico, whether 
Texas rightly belonged to one or the other: they accord- 
ingly crossed the Eio Grande, and attacked a party of 
American troops, which the United States considered ta 
be an invasion of United States territory. 

The Mexican War. 

846- What did Congress declare ? 
Congress declared that war existed by the act of Mex- 
loo. 

847. How long did the war last ? 
The war lasted two years, from 1846 to 1848. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 165 

84S. Who commanded the American troops in 
this war ? 

General Taylor and General Scott were the chief com- 
manders in the Mexican war. 

849. What battles did Taylor fight ? 

Taylor won several battles in the first year of the war, 
namely : Palo Alto, Eeseca de la Palma, Montecrey, Sal- 
tillo, and ending with that of Buena Vista. After this 
he merely held the territory he had conquered. 

850. What did Scott do? 

Scott was sent to take the city of Mexico by way of 
Vera Cruz. He captured this place and with a succession 
of victories advanced to Mexico. 

851. What were the principal battles fought 
and won by Scott ? 

The principal battles fought and won by Scott were the 
siege of Vera Cruz, Jalapa, Cerro Gordo, Cherubusco, 
Molino del Rey, and at the gates of the city of Mexico. 

852. Were the Americans defeated in any 
engagements in this war ? 

The Americans were everywhere victorious in this war. 

853. What other expeditions besides those of 
Taylor and Scott? 

General Kearney had marched with a small force into 
New Mexico, and took almost unresisted, possession of that 
Territory. General Fremont, assisted by Commodore 
Stockton performed a similar service in California. 



166 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

854. Was tliis war in favor with the people of 
the United States ? 

Many strongly opposed this war with Mexico as unjust 
in itself, and as brought about in the interests of those who 
desired above all else the extension of slavery, and the 
acquisition of territory for this purpose. 

855. How was it closed ? 

The war was closed by the treaty of Gaudaloupe 
Hidalago, peace being proclaimed July 4, 1848. 

856. What were the terms of the treaty? 

By this treaty the independence of Texas was acknowl- 
edged, with the Rio Grande as a boundary, and the cession 
to the United States of New Mexico, Utah and California 
for the sum of $15,000,000, and that debts due from Mexi- 
cans to Americans to the amount of $3,000,000 should be 
paid by the United States. 

857. What additional purchase was made ? 

Five years later, i. e., in 1853, an additional purchase, 
including the territory of Arizona, was made, to give the 
United States their present southern boundary. For this, 
$10,000,000 was paid. 

858. What is this acquisition of territory 

called? 

The purchase is called the Gadsden Purchase, from the 
name of the American Commissioner negotiating it. 

859. How was the question of slavery directly 

presented in Congress ? 

Early in the war David Wilmot offered a resolution in 
Congress that all territory acquired by the war should be 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 167 

free territory. This proviso was not adopted, but that 
became the form of anti slavery agitation through the 
country, viz. : no more slave territory than the Missouri 
Compromise, as then existing, allowed. 

860. What discovery was made in California ? 

A few days only after peace was signed, a man digging 
a mill-race in the valley of the Sacramento River turned 
up grains of gold with a spade, and it was soon found that 
the country was /*full of gold." 

861. What was the effect of this discovery? 

Immediately thousands upon thousands, from all parts 
of the world, hastened to this land of gold. Gold was 
searched for everywhere ; violence and lawlessness and an 
irrepressible greed for gold prevailed ; before the close of 
1849, California had sufficient population to ask admission 
as a state. 

862. Who were candidates to succeed Polk? 

There were three candidates for President, viz. : 
Zachary Taylor, a Whig; Lewis Cass, a Democrat, and 
Martin Van Buren, as candidate of the Free-Soilers. 

863. Who was elected? 

Zachary Taylor was elected, with Millard Fillmore of 
New York for Vice-President. 

864. Who was Zachary Taylor ? 

Taylor had been one of the most prominent generals in 
the Mexican war, and at its close had settled in 
Louisianna. He had never been known except as a good 
soldier. 

865. Why was he nominated ? 



168 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

He was nominated for his popularity as a successful 
soldier, and for his known sympathy with the South on 
the question of slavery, rather than for any ability as a 
statesman claimed for him by any one. He was what has 
been called an " available candidate," rather than an able 
one. 

866. Were all the Whig party satisfied with 
his nomination ? 

Many leading Whigs were very much dissatisfied with 
his nomination, and some declared it one not fit to be 
made. 

yZACHARY Taylor and Millard Fillmore. 
1849-1853. 

867. What was the most important topic dur- 
ing this administration ? 

The absorbing topic during this administration was 
slavery, and especially whether the territory acquired from 
Mexico should be slave territory, or free. 

868. In what form did it present itself? 

The people of California had framed a Constitution 
prohibiting slavery, and asked for admission as a state. 

869. Had not the Missouri Compromise set- 
tled that question ? 

The Missouri Compromise had not settted the question 
of slavery in Mexico, for two reasons; the territory of the 
new state was upon both sides of the compromise line, and 
it was held not to be applicable to territory acquired since 
passage, besides that it had never been settled how far to 
the west that line should extend. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 169 

870. How long did General Taylor live ? 

General Taylor died in July 1850, a year and four 
months after his inauguration as President and in the 
midst of this great political agitation. 

871. Who became president ? 

For the second time in the history of the country, the 
Vice-President became President. In this case case Mil- 
lard Fillmore succeeded General Taylor. 

872. Was Mr. Fillmore equal to the emergency? 

Though Mr. Fillmore had not been chosen with any 
expectation that he would be President, he was a man of 
at least equal ability with the deceased President. 

873. What were his opinions about slavery ? 

Though a northern man and an opponent of slavery in 
itself, he disapproved of the agitations of the abolitionists 
and free soilers, and thought that the South with slavery, 
had equal rights in the Union with the North without it. 

874. How were the questions about California 

and slavery settled ? 

These questions were settled by another compromise, or 
series of compromises, known as the *' Omnibus Bill.'* 

875. How did this bill originate? 

All the points in dispute were referred to a special com- 
mittee of the Senate, composed of thirteen members, of 
whom Henry Clay, the great compromiser, or the great 
pacificator, was chairman. 

876. What were the main provisions of the 
bill? 

The main provisions of the bill were, that California 



170 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

should come in as a free state, that New Mexico and Utah 
should become territories witli no mention of slavery, that 
the slave trade should be prohibited in the District of 
Columbia; that $10,000,000 should be paid to Texas to 
give up its claims on the territory of New Mexico ; that 
slaves escaping into free territory should be given up to 
their masters, and that new states, not more than four in num- 
ber, might be formed out of Texas, which should be free 
or slave as the people should determine at the time. 

877. Was the bill passed ? 

The bill, including all these measures, was passed in 
September, 1850, and approved by President Fillmore. 

878. What was the effect of these measures 
on the country ? 

The two parties, Whig and Democratic, gave in their 
adhesion to these compromises of the constitution as a 
final settlement of all diflSculties, but individuals, 
who began to be called "Conscience men," refused 
to be satisfied, and the free- soil party grew larger. 

879. Which of these was most strenuously 

opposed by the Free-Soilers ? 

The provision for the return of escaped slaves, called 
the Fugitive Slave Law, was the most strenuously opposed 
by the Free-Soilers, because it seemed to make the North 
a hunting-ground for slave owners, and because it com- 
pelled a negro in bondage to escape out of the United States 
altogether, if he would be free. 

880. How was the Fugitive Slave Law met in 
some Northern States ? 

In some of the jSorthern States, as in Vermont, what 
were called Personal Liberty Bills were passed, practically 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 171 

nullifying this act of Congress, by recognizing escaped 
slaves as persons and not property. 

881. How else were these laws disregarded ? 

This law was also disregarded by what was known as 
the Underground Railroad. 

882. What was this ? 

Persons all the way from the Slave States to Canada 
had an understanding with each other that they would 
receive, assist, and secretly forward from point to point, 
slaves escaping from their masters. 

883. What was hoped from these compromise 

measures ? 

It was hoped that these measures would satisfy all par- 
ties by their skillful balancing of the interests of both. 

884. What did each gain by these com- 
promises ? 

The Free-Soilers gained California as a free State, the 
possibility of making Utah and New Mexico free, and the 
abolition of the slave trade in the capital of the nation. 
The supporters of slavery gained the possibility of making 
New Mexico and Utah slaves States, the certainty of mak- 
ing more slave States if Texas should be divided, and the 
right of retaking their slaves in any part of the Union. 

885. How do these measures rank among the 

efforts to make compromises on this subject ? 

These were among the most famous and most skilfully 
devised compromises on the matter of slavery, as they 
were the last serious attempts of the South. 



172 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

886. Did these measures effect the Missouri 

Compromise ? 

These measures left the Missouri Compromise as it was, 
bearing, as they did, on points held not to be reached by 
that arrangement. 

887. Was political excitement allayed by them? 

Political excitement was for a time allayed by these 
measures by the very general acquiescence of all political 
leaders in them, but only for a time. The question, as it 
proved, was disposed of for the time, but not settled. 

888. What attempt upon Cuba was made ? 

In 1850, the year of these compromises, General Lopez 
organized an expedition in the South to free the island of 
Cuba from Spain and annex it to the United States. 

889. What was the result ? 

None of the inhabitants of Cuba favored his unlawful 
attempt, and all his men, about five hundred, were slain or 
captured. Lopez and other leaders were put to death. 

890. What noted European visited the United 
States ? 

In 1852, Louis Kossuth, a Hungarian exile, visited the 
United States to interest the people in this country, oppressed 
by Russia and Austria? 

891. Did he wish our government to interfere? 

It was not his wish to lead the government to abandon 
its policy of non-interference with foreign affairs, but his 
surprising eloquence and his earnest patriotism produced a 
great effect on the people. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 173 

892. What did the United States do in refer- 
ence to Artie exploration ? 

Sir John Franklin had gone to the Arctic Ocean in 1845, 
to find a north-west passage to the Pacific, and had been 
heard of only as passing the land of the Esquimaux. Pri- 
vate expeditions had been sent out by Wm. Grinnell of 
New York, and now the government of the United States, 
in 1853, sent out an expedition under the command of 
Dr. E. K. Kane, which returned without finding Franklin, 
or proof of his death. 

893. What distinguished men died during this 
administration ? 

John C. Calhoun died in 1850; Henry Clay, and Daniel 
Webster in 1852. 

894. In the election of 1852, what were the 

parties and their principles ? 

In the election of 1852, both Whigs and Democrats 
aflBrmed, as their political principles, the compromise 
measures of 1850. The Free-Soilers strenuously opposed 
the fugitive slave law and demand that all the territories 
should be free. 

895. Who were the candidates for President ? 

Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire, was the Demo- 
cratic candidate, General Winfield Scott, the Whig can- 
didate, and John P. Hale, the Free- Soil candidate. 

896. Who was elected ? 

The former was elected by a very large majority. Gen- 
eral Scott carrying but four States, viz. : Vermont and 
Massachusetts, Tennessee and Kentucky. 



174 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

897. What became of the Whig party after 
this election? 

The Whig party disappeared after this election, its 
members going into the Democratic party, or into the 
growing Free Soil party. 

Franklin Pierce. 1853—1857. 

898. What were Mr. Pierce's views about 
slavery ? 

On all matters concerning slavery Mr. Pierce agreed 
fully with the South. He was and had always been 
opposed to the anti- slavery agitations in every form. 

899. What was the main political topic of his 
administration ? 

The main political topic of his administration was the 
question of slavery in general, and more particularly it& 
extension or restriction. 

^ 900. What fresh agitation of this question 

occurred ? 

In 1854 a bill was introduced by Senator Douglass ta 
organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, in which 
it was provided that each should be free or slave, accord- 
ing as the people at the time of its admission should vote. 

901. What was the popular name of this new 
way of solving the question of slavery ? 

The popular name of this new solution of the slavery 
question was ** Squatter Sovereignty." Slavery should be 
there or not, as those who settled or * * squatted " on unoc 
cupied lands should desire. 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 1Y5 

902. What was the objection to this ? 

The objection to this was, that it left it doubtful 
whether the States which by the Missiouri Compromise 
were to be free, should be free or slave, thus really repeal" 
ing that famous compromise. 

903. What was the fate of the measure ? 

In spite of the most strenuous opposition and the most 
earnest protests, the bill became a law in May, 1854. 

904. What followed the passage of the bill ? 
As soon as the bill was passed, both North and South 

made vigorous efforts to secure the territory for their party. 
Emigrants from both poured in, and contended for the 
possession of the State which must soon come into the 
Union. 

905. What was the effect of this upon parties ? 

The old Whig party was completely broken up and dis- 
solved. Some joined the Free Soil party, now beginning 
to be called Republican; the others joining the Democrats, 
many of whom left their own party to join the Eepubli- 
cans. In short, the old parties were broken up and two 
new ones formed, the Democratic and the Republican. 

906. Was there any demand as yet that slav- 
ery should be abolished by the government ? 

The Free Soil party did not demand the abolition of 
slavery where it already existed ; they disclaimed the right 
or wish to do this ; they demanded that it should be con- 
fined within the States where it then was. 

907. What important treaty was made ? 

After the acquisition of California it was necessary to 
our commerce to have friendly relation with the nations 



176 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

of the East. Commodore Perry had been sent by Presi- 
dent Fillmore to open such relations with Japan, which 
had hitherto been shut up to all the outside world besides. 
With great boldness and address he succeeded in negoti- 
ating a treaty with that power which gave the United 
States important commercial advantages by opening cer- 
tain ports to American ships. 

908. Who were the candidates for President 
at the election in 1856 ? 

The candidates for President in 1856 were James 
Buchanan, Democrat, and John C. Fremont, Eepublican. 

909. What were the principles of each as to 
slavery ? 

Mr. Buchanan stood by all the compromises and acts of 
Congress; Mr. Fremont and his party demanded that 
slavery should be confined to its present limits. 

910. Who was elected ? 

Mr. Buchanan was elected, Fremont receiving the vote 
of eleven northern States, with 1,300,000 votes of the 
people. John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky was elected 
Yice-President. 

James Buchanan. 1857 — 1861. 

911. What was the political topic during Bu- 
chanan's administration ? 

The absorbing political topic still was slavery, particu- 
larly the struggle in Kansas between the pro-slavery and 
the free-soil immigrants. 

912. What important legal decision was made ? 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 177 

In 1857, in what is called the Dred- Scott case, the Su- 
preme Court decided that slave owners might take their 
slaves into any part of the territory of the United States. 
This seemed to the free-soilers to make slavery national, 
by making its existence co- extensive with the national 
domain. 

913. What attempt was made to free slaves ? 

John Brown, a native of New York, living in Kansas, 
a strong opponent of slavery for a long time, thought him- 
self called upon to set the slaves free. With a few fol- 
lowers like himself he surprised and seized the United 
States arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and proclaimed freedom 
to the slaves. 

914. What was his fate ? 

Brown was easily overcome by United States troops, 
tried for treason, and hung. 

915. Can Brown's action be justified lee;ally ? 

It was clearly illegal for any citizen to seize the prop- 
erty of the United States, and to induce any class of per- 
sons to take up arms. 

916. Can Brown's action be defended on moral 

or philanthropic grounds ? 

Nor can it properly be defended on moral or philan- 
thopic grounds. His courage and sincerity may be 
respected; but, viewed in whatever light, his scheme was 
hopeless, unwise, and wrong. It was at best an heroic crime. 

917. What was the effect of this? 

The effect of these transactions and many more was to 
make all see that the great conflict between freedom and 



1Y8 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

slavery could not be much longer delayed. The next elec- 
tion must decide the momentous issue. 

918. What candidates were nominated in 1860? 

Four candidates were nominated in 1860 to represent 
different views; (1) John C. Breckenridge, whose party 
claimed the enforcement of all the compromises, including 
the Dred-Scott decision ; (2) Abraham Lincoln, Republican, 
whose party declared that slavery should be confined to 
the States where it was then allowed, and that it should be 
wholly abolished in the District of Columbia; (3) Stephen 
A. Douglass, who declared that slavery was a local institu- 
tion, to be allowed or prohibited, as any State might 
decide; and (4) John Bell, whose party made' no declara- 
tion about slavery, but said they stood on the constitution 
of the country. 

919. Who was elected ? 

Abraham Lincoln was elected. The electoral vote was, 
Lincoln 180, all from northern States; Breckenridge 72; 
Bell 39; Douglass 12. The vote of the people was, Lin- 
coln 1,857,610; Breckenridge, 847,953; Bell, 590,631; 
Douglass, 1,355,976. 

920. What was done before Mr. Lincoln was 

inaugurated ? 

Before Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, seven States, 
— South Carolina in December; Mississippi, Alabama, 
Florida, Georgia and Louisana in January; and Texas in 
February, — had seceded from the Union. 

921. What position did the President take ? 

President Buchanan held that the United States had no 
power to compel a State to remain in the Union against its 
own will. 



THE FIFTH PEKIOD. 179 ^ 

922. What was the effect of this opinion ? 

The effect of this was that no obstacle was placed in th e 
way of those who wished to secede. 

923. What else took place before Lincoln was 
inaugurated ? 

Delegates from the seceded States met in Montgomery, 
Alabama, in February, 1861, and formed the government 
of the Confederate States, selecting Jefferson Davis Presi- 
dent, and Alexander H, Stephens Vice-President. 

924. Who was chosen Vice-President of the 

United States ? 

Hannibal Hamblin of Maine was chosen Vice-President 
of the United States. 

925. What was peculiar about this election ? 

Both President and Vice-President were thus chosen 
from one section, and every electoral vote and all the votes 
of the people cast for them were thus from the same sec- 
tion. Besides, although these were chosen by a majority of 
the electorial votes, and therefore legally chosen in every . 
respect, a majority of the people had voted against them. 

926. How did the President reach Washing- 
ton? 

Mr. Lincoln came from Baltimore to Washington in 
disguise, for fear of assassination, rumors of^which were 
very prevalent. 

92Y. What unusual preparations were made 
for his inauguration ? 

From the prevalence of these fears, and also from fear 
of forcible resistence to his assuming the Presidency, 



180 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

troops were stationed* at various points in the city, by 
General Scott. 

928. Was there need of these precautions ? 

The minds of all were full of anxiety, and many 
thought that a plot was on foot to kill Lincoln and over- 
throw the government. It is not known that any such 
definite plan was really formed. 

929. What was the condition of Washington ? 

The city of Washington was divided in sentiment. 
Many who favored secession were still there and furnished 
information to their friends in the seceded States. Many 
friends of the Union agreed with Mr. Buchanan that the 
government had no right to co-erce the seceded States. 
Many more were determined to maintain the Union at all 
hazards. 

930. Were the representatives of the seceded 
States still in Congress ? 

The representatives of the seceded States, as their States 
went out, left Congress, and, of course, none came to take 
their places. 

931. Did this act leave Congress without a 
quorum ? 

Congress was never without a legal quorum for the trans- 
action of all business. 

932. What was the sentiment of the country? 

All saw that the crisis had come at last; the North was 
practically unanimous in declaring that the Union should 
not be broken up, but how it was to be maintained was 



THE FIFTH PERIOD. 181 

not clear. The South was practically unanimous in desir- 
ing that the Union should be broken up. The border 
States were divided in sentiment. 

933. When was Mr. Lincoln inaugurated ? 
Mr. Lincoln was peacefully inaugurated at the regular 
time, March 4, 1861. 



SIXTH PERIOD. 



THE cn'iL WAR. 1861—1865. 
Abraham Lincoln. 1861 — 1865. 

934. Who was Abraham Lincoln ? 

Abraham Lincoln was the son of poor parents, and was 
l3orn in Kentucky in 1809. His boyhood was passed in 
great hardship. He afterward studied law in Illinois, 
served in the Legislature of that State and as a Representa- 
tive in Congress, and in 1858 he came very near to being 
chosen United States Senator in place of his great rival, 
Mr. Douglass. 

935. What was the task which met him ? 

The task which met Mr. Lincoln was to restore a broken 
Union. 

936. What alone conld do this? 

As events soon proved, this could be done only by one 
of the most terrible wars recorded in history. 

937. What was the first act of war ? 

Attempts were made by the Federal Government to 
send supplies to Fort Sumpter, Charleston, which was 
occupied by Major Anderson with a small force. The 
vessel was fired on, and returned. The Confederates 
attacked the fort and it surrendered April 13, 1861. 

938. What was the effect of this? 

The effect of this at the South was to cause great rejoic- 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 183 



ing, because now they must stand by the acts of secession. 
The effect at the North was to arouse a deep and deter- 
mined feeling of patriotism. 

939. What did the President do ? 

The President called for 75,000 troops to take and hold 
the forts of the United States, and to defend the capital. 
Thus the die was cast and the war began. 

940. How were the 75,000 troops apportioned ? 

These troops were apportioned among all the States 
which had not seceded, according to population. 

941. Did they all respond ? 

All the free States responded with alacrity|'and for- 
warded their quotas to Washington. The slave States 
except Delaware refused to obey the call, and some of 
them sent back insulting or defiant messages. 

942. What did the Confederate President do 

to retaliate the call for troops^? 

The Confederate President authorized privateers to prey 
upon American commerce. This soon resulted in the cap- 
ture and burning of many ships, and thejjalmost total 
destruction of American commerce. 

943. How did the Federal government retali- 
ate? 

The Federal government retaliated by declaring the 
ports of the seceded States blockaded ; that is, closed to 
commerce. 

944. What other States seceded,? 

Besides the seven cotton-growing States which seceded 
before Lincoln was inaugurated, Virginia seceded in April, 



184 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1861, Arkansas and North Carolina in May, and Tennessee 
in June. These made eleven States which went out as fully 
as any States could do so. Attempts were made to carry 
out other border States — Kentucky, Maryland, . and Mis- 
souri — but they were defeated, though many in those 
States desired to secede. No serious attempt was made in 
Delaware. 

945. What change was made in the Confeder- 
ate capital ? 

The capital of the Confederacy was removed to Rich- 
mond, Virginia. Thus the capitals of the two govern- 
ments were within seventy miles of each other. 

946. How did foreign nations act toward the 

combatants ? 

In May, 1861, that is just after hostilities began, 
England acknowledged the Confederacy as a belligerent 
power; that is, without acknowledging it to be a separate, 
independent nation, declared that the confederates were to 
be regarded not as in insurrection or rebellion, but as 
authorized to fight their battles according to the regular 
usages of war. France soon did the same. 

947. Did foreign nations go beyond this dur- 
ing the war ? 

Foreign nations did not go beyond this during 
the war, though every effort was made by the Con- 
federates to induce them to do so, and it was greatly feared 
by the Federals at different times that they would do so. 

948. What was the " Trent affair ? " 

Messrs. Mason and Slidell were sent by the Confeder- 
acy as Commissioners to France and England, and were 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 185 

taken out of the English ship Trent, in which they were 
making the voyage from Havana, by an American ship of 
war, commanded by Commodore Wilkes. They were 
carried to Fort La Fayette, near Boston. 

949. What was the issue ©f this affair ? 

The English were, of course, and of right, very much 
enraged, and demanded their surrender. Their seizure in 
this manner being clearly illegal, they were surrendered 
and went on their mission. 

950. How long did the war last ? 
The war lasted four years; 1861—1865. 

951. How were troops raised? 

Troops were raised at first by volunteering, and finally 
by drafting. 

952. How was a navy procured ? 

At the beginning of the war the United States had but a 
small navy, not in efficient state for modern warfare, and 
many of these ships fell into the hands of the Conf ederac}^ at 
Norfolk and other places. Ships were immediately built, 
steamers and tugs were converted in great numbers into 
gun-boats and mortar-boats, and a powerful navy was soon 
arrayed on the Federal side. 

953. How many troops were called into ser- 
vice? 

During these four years about 2,700,000 men were 
enlisted in the North, nearly two million of whom 
were actually engaged in the strife. The number of Con- 
federates was probably not more than three-quarters of a 
million. 



186 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

954. What were the losses of the war ? 

Of this vast number, not far from half a million were 
killed in the field, or died of diseases or wounds or in 
prison. At such a terrible cost was the Union preserved. 

955. How was money raised to pay the 

cost of the war ( 

Money was raised by issuing government bonds, or 
*• greenbacks," to enormous amounts. These bonds were 
promises of the United States to pay the face value of the 
note "in coin." 

956. Did these fluctuate in value ? 

These notes, like all such '* promises to pay "in war 
times, fluctuated in value according to the fortune of war. 
At one time they were worth in gold but little more than 
one-third of their face value. After the war they gradu- 
ally rose in value, till in 18T8 they were at par. 

957. What was the debt of the United States 
at the close of the war i 

At the close of the war the debt of the United States was 

about 2,700 millions of dollars; including the debts of the 
States incurred for war purposes, it was fully 4,000 mil- 
lions. During the latter part of the war the expenses rose 
to three millions a day. 

95S. Were these State debts assumed by the 
United States ? 

These State debts were not assumed by the United States. 

959. How did the Confederates raise troops 
and money? 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 187 

The Confederates raised troops and money in the same 
way. 

960. What became of their government bonds? 

Their money, as their fortunes went, became worthless, 
and the entire sum was added to the losses of the war 
incurred by them. 

961. What, on the Federal side, was the ob- 
ject of the war ? 

The object of the Federal government, as declared by the 
President, was to maintain the Union of the States. In 
his letter to Horace Greeley in 1862, he said; "My para- 
mount object is to save the Union, and not either to save 
or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without 
f reeinfij any slaves, I would do it ; if I could save it by free- 
ing all the slaves, I would do it; if I could save it 
by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would do that 
also>* 

962. What was the object on the Confederate 
side? 

The object of the Confederates was to establish a sepa- 
rate government, in which they might be free from the con- 
trol of the North with reference to slavery, or tariff, or 
anything else. 

963. Did the Southern people regard them- 
selves as rebels ? 

The Southern people never regarded themselves as 
rebels. They claimed the right of a State to secede at the 
will of the people, as the State had gone into the Union at 
the will of the people. 



188 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

964. Were there any Union people in the 
States which seceded ? 

There were few white Union people in the South; all 
whatever their previous sentiments had been, declared 
themselves bound to ''go with their States;" that is, they 
held this allegiance to their own State to be paramount to 
their allegiance to the United States. The exceptions to 
this were so few as to be of small account. 

The War. 

965. Where were the principal battles of the 

civil war fought ? 

Virginia and Tennessee were the great battle grounds of 
the civil war. From Virginia the tide of battle crossed to 
Maryland and Southern Pennsylvania, and from Tennes- 
see into Kentucky and Georgia. Missouri and Louisiana, 
North and South Carolina, also, were the scenes of some 
hard fighting. 

966. Where were the naval fights ? 

The naval fights were all along the Atlantic coast, and 
the gulf coast, and on the Mississippi below Cairo. 

967. Where were the principal naval engage- 
ments ? 

Some of the principal naval engagements were at Hamp- 
ton Roads, near Fortress Monroe, between the Merrimac 
and the wooden ships ther<- ; and after, between the Monitor 
and the Merrimac; at M'-mphis, where the Union gun- 
boats destroyed or captured the fleet of Confederate gun- 
boats; below New Orleans, where a similar destruction of 
gun-boats and rams took place ; and in Mobile Bay, where 
another Confederate fleet was destroved. 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 189 

968. What other service did the navy render ? 

Besides these fights, the navy took active part in reduc- 
ing forts, as at Donelson, and at Port Royal, Fort Sumter 
:and Fort Fisher, and on numerous occasions co-operated 
with the land forces, as at Hilton Head, Shiloh, Harrison's 
Landing, and Charleston. 

969. Who were prominent naval commanders? 

Commodore Foote, Admiral Farragut, Admiral Porter, 
and Commodore Bailey were among the most prominent 
naval commanders. 

970. What were some of the most important 
'military engagements ? 

The battles during the four years of war were counted 
by scores. Some of the most momentous were Bull Run, 
the first of the war, where the Union forces were com- 
pletely routed ; the seven day's fight around Richmond dur- 
ing the last of June, '62, during the withdrawal of 
Union forces to the James; Antietam, in September, 1862, 
in which the Confederates were defeated; Fredericksburg, 
in December of the same year; and, Chancellorville, in May 
of '63, in both of which the Federals were defeated; 
Gettysburg and Yicksburg, in July '63, in both of which 
the Confederates were badly beaten; the Wilderness, 
;Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, in 1864, in all of which the 
Federals were worsted; Nashville in which the Con- 
federates were totally defeated; and the final battles around 
Richmond in March and April '65. 

971. What battles were the turning points of 
the war? 

The battles of Gettysburg and the fights around Vicks- 



190 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

burg, occurring almost at the same time, were the turning^ 
points of the war. 

972. Who were distinguished generals on the 
Federal side ? 

Among the distinguished generals on the Federal 
side and in important commands, were U. S. Grant, W. T. 
Sherman, Phil. T. Sheridan, George B. McClellan, A. 
E. Burnside, Joseph Hooker, George G. Meade, W. S. 
Rosecrans, and George H. Thomas. 

973. Who, during the last of the war, was com- 
mander of all the Federal forces ? 

During the last of the war. General Grant commanded 
all the Federal forces, under the title of General, simply. 

974. Who were the most noted Confederate 

commanders ? 

The most noted Confederate commanders were Albert 
Sydney Johnston, Joseph Johnston, Thomas J. Jackson, 
Robert E. Lee, Braxton Bragg, Pierre T. Beauregard, John 
C. Pemberton, and J. B. Hood. 

975. What large bodies of troops surrendered 

to the Federal troops ? 

Several thousand Confederates surrendered to General 
Grant at Fort Donelson, thirty- seven thousand to the same 
general at Yicksburg, and eight thousand armed and 
eighteen thousand unarmed, to the same at Appomatox 
Court House. General Joseph Johnston surrendered his 
army to General Sherman in North Carolina, and ** Dick '' 
Taylor and Kirby Smith surrendered smaller bodies at the 
close of the war. 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 191 

976. What troops surrendered to the Con- 
federates ? 

The largest body that surrendered to the Confederates 
was 11,000 under Colonel Miles at Maryland Heights, near 
Harper's Ferry. Besides these, many thousand prisoners 
were captured in the different battles of the war. 

977. What was done with the large bodies who- 

surrendered ? 

Those who surrendered in large bodies were paroled ; that 
is, allowed personal liberty on condition of not re-entering 
the army till exchanged. 

978. What was done with others? 

Others captured were prisoners of war, and were con- 
fined in military prisons, where great hardships were suf- 
fered and great cruelties practised. 

979. Why were not prisoners exchanged? 
This was one of the minor complications of the war. 

The Federalists would not at first so far recognize the 
Confederacy as a nation as to treat with them on terms of 
equality for an exchange of prisoners; and the Confed- 
eracy would not recognize the negro as a soldier to whom^ 
the usages of war were due. 

980. Were there many prisoners in these 

prisons ? 

In some, as Belle Isle, near Richmond, Anderson ville 
and Millen in Georgia, and Salisbury in North Carolina, 
there were thousands of Federal prisoners, as there were in 
some of the Northern prisons of Confederate prisoners. 
The captured Federalists, however, were more numerous 
than the Confederates. 



192 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

981. What were the terms on which Lee sur- 
rendered ? 

Officers and men were allowed to go home on parole, 
officers retaining their private baggage and horses. The 
men were also allowed to retain the horses they rode, if 
they were their own, as was the case with many. The 
same terms were granted to the other armies. 

982 Where was the last fight of the war ? 

The last fight of the war was in Texas, near Santiago . A 
small body of Federals were sent out on May 13, to attack 
a Confederate camp, and were defeated. 

983. Who aided the orovernment in carino^ for 

the sick and wounded ? 

The Christian and Sanitary Commissions did much to 
alleviate the horrors of this war. They were voluntary 
associations which followed the armies as nurses, chap- 
lains and surgeons, and devoted themselves to all charita- 
ble and Christian work. 

984. How did they obtain money ? 

They expended millions of money contributed by 
-churches, individuals, or raised by fairs. ISTo more noble 
or comforting work was ever done in connection with any 
war. 

O0NFEDERA.TE Cruisers. 

985. What did the Confederate cruisers do ? 

Confederate cruisers did immense damage to American 
ships and commerce. They met them on the sea, took 
from them what was valuable, and burned the rest — ships 
and all. 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 19& 

986; Why did they not take captured ships to 

port as prizes ? 

They could not do this because they had no recognition 
as a nation having lawful ships of war; they were, in fact, 
pirates on the seas. 

987. Where were their ships built? 

Some of these were built in their own ports, and ran the 
blockade. Others were built in Liverpool and Glasgow. 

988. What was the most noted, and what was- 
her career ? 

The most noted of them, the Alabama, was built in 
Liverpool. The English government professed not to 
believe that she was intended as a ship of war, as warned 
by the American minister, and when finished she slipped 
out to sea and became the most formidable cruiser ever on. 
the water. She captured and burned more than sixty ships. 

989. What was her final fate ? 

She entered the harbor of Cherbourg, in France, in the- 
summer of 1864, and while there was challenged by the 
Federal ship Kearsage, which had been chasing her all 
over the ocean, to come out of the harbor and fight. She 
went, and was sunk by the guns of the Kearsage in a very 
few minutes. 

990. What were names of some of the others? 

The Florida, built at Liverpool, destroyed fifteen ships. 
The Georgia, the Olustee, the Shenandoah, the Chica- 
mauga, fitted out at Glasgow, were others, which together 
did great damage. 

991. What subsequent action was taken in. 
reference to this matter ? 



191 UI^ITED STATES HISTORY. 

After the close of the war, the government demanded 
that the losses caused by these ships should be paid by 
JIngland. After much correspondence between the govern- 
ments the matter was referred to five arbitrators — one each 
from the United States, Great Britian, Switzerland, Italy, 
and Brazil — who met at Geneva, in 1872, and finally 
awarded the United States fifteen and a half millions of 
dollars as compensation for losses, which was paid. 

• 992. How is this Commission known in his- 
tory ? 

This was called the Geneva Commission, and the claims 
for damages are known in history as the Alabama claims. 

993. How did this commission originate ? 

In 1871, a joint High Commission met at "Washington, 
to settle by treaty the questions which had arisen between 
the United States and Great Britain. This commission 
made a treaty, one item of which was that the question of 
damages for losses caused by these cruisers should be set- 
tled by the arbitration of the persons mentioned. 

994. Has this money been distributed to those 
who suffered losses from these cruisers ? 

Not all this money has yet (1884) been distributed; direct 
losses have been paid, but indirect losses are yet in dispute. 

The Blockade. 

995. Was the blockade of the southern ports 

•efiectual ? 

The blockade of the southern ports was vigorously main- 
tained. No vessel could come in or go out, except by 
great good luck or rare skill of seamanship. 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 195 

996. What was the effect on the South ? 

As the South depended on foreign countries for all sup- 
plies she could not herself produce, and as so few ships 
€0uld reach her ports, prices for all foreign goods rose to a 
fabulous height. 

997. How and by whom was blockade running 

carried on? 

Blockade running was carried on in swift steamers made 
for the purpose, and manned by the most expert seamen of 
France and England. 

998. What was the inducement to engage in 

this trade? 

The profit on a single cargo which eluded the blockade 
was more than sufficient to pay for the loss of more than 
one captured. This tempted British and French mer- 
chants to run the risk of great loss for the hope of greater 
gain. 

999. Were many blockade-runners captured ? 

More than fifteen hundred blockade runners were taken 
or destroyed during the war. 

1000. What was done with the captured ships 

and goods? 

Ships and goods captured in such a way were sold for 
the benefit of the captors ; and the prize money so obtained 
made many an officer and seaman comparatively rich. 

1001. Who ran the risk of blockade-running? 

Those who were engaged in it and who hoped to profit 
by it ran all the risks. Of course their governments could 
offer them no protection in this illegal traffic, nor any com- 
pensation for losses. 



196 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1002. Did the blockade cause any suffering- 

anywhere else but in the Confederate States ? 

Great suffering was caused in countries which had" 
depended on the South for products, particularly in the 
cotton manufacturing ditsricts of England, where thous- 
ands were thrown out of work because so little cotton could; 
run the blockade. 

1003. Did this make these workmen enemies 

of the United States ? 

This great distress did not make these workmen, thrown- 
out of work for want of cotton, so much the enemies of the 
United States as many of the upper ranks of society were. 

1004. Why did not foreign governments 

break this blockade with their navies ? 

For them to do so, would be an act of war. Many 
efforts were made by the Confederates to induce them to do< 
this, but neither England nor France could be persuaded 
to go to war with the United States for the purpose of 
opening Southern ports to their commerce. 

1005. Were efforts made to induce European 

nations to acknowledge the South as a nation ? 

Great efforts were made in this direction. The South 
constantly hoped to effect this, and the North as constantly 
feared it. At one time, Napoleon was ready to do so if 
England would join in such acknowledgment ; but England 
steadily refused, her government being greatly influenced 
by the wishes of the Queen and of Prince Albert. 

1006. Would this acknowledgment have made 
war with these countries ? 



THE SIXTH PERIOD. 197 

Such an acklowledgment would almost of necessity 
have caused war with any country making it. All who in 
any way assisted the enemies of the United States must 
also have been considered as their enemies. 

1007. How did the war close ? 

The war closed by the surrender of the Confederate 
forces in the spring of 1865. 

1008. Was this a total surrender ? 

It had been feared that on the breaking up of the large 
armies a guerilla war would be maintained, but this sur- 
render was complete and total. No armed force remained 
in the Confederacy, and the Federal army was disbanded, 
the soldiers going to their homes. 

1009. Were any terms made with the Con- 
federate government ? 

The surrender was purely military; the Confederate 
armies gave up the contest and laid down their arms. The 
government of the United States did not treat with the gov- 
ernment of the Confederate States for the settlement of 
any difliculties existing between them. 

1010. What two events happened just before 
the close of the war ? 

In November, 1864, Abraham Lincoln had been re- 
elected President and had been inaugurated on March 4,, 
1865. On April 14, while at the theatre at Washington^ 
he was shot by John Wilkes Booth and died on the follow- 
ing morning. 

1011. What was the motive of this act ? 

This act was part of a plot made by some desperadoes 



198 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

who sympathized with the South, to redeem their fallen 
fortunes, or to avenge themselves by a massacre of leading 
oflEicers of the Federal government. 

1012. What other attempt was made? 

Mr. Seward, Secretary of State, was attacked and nearly 
killed in his bed to which he was confined by illness, and 
an attempt was also made to gain access to Mr. Johnson, 
the Vice-President's, room for the same purpose. 

1013. Who became President? 

Andrew Johnson, of Tennesee, who had been elected 
Vice-President, became President on the death of Mr. Lin- 
coln. 

1014. Who was Andrew Johnson ? 

Andrew Johnson was a staunch Union man, of great 
-courage and influence in his own State, though not before 
the war opposed to slavery. During the war he had ren- 
dered great service to the cause of the Union. 



SEVENTH PERIOD. 



RECONSTRUCTION. 1865 — 1884. 



Andrew Johnson. 1865 — 1869. 

1015. What was the state of affairs at the 

close of the war ? 

At the close of the war eleven States were ' * out of their 
right relation to the Union; " slavery was destroyed; the 
North was deeply in debt, the country being flooded with 
paper money, while the South was financially ruined and 
compelled to stay in a Union it had fought desperately 
to get out of. 

1016. What was the first act for the destruc- 
tion of slavery ? 

January 1, 1868, President Lincoln issued a proclama- 
tion setting free all the slaves within the territory whose 
inhabitants were in a state of insurrection against the gov- 
ernment. This left slaves in Missouri, Kentucky, Mary- 
land, Delaware, West Virginia, and such parts of the se- 
ceded States as were held by the United States, as Fortress 
Monroe in Virginia, Pensacola in Florida, and others. 

1017. What was the final act ? 

Congress in February, 1865, made the thirteenth amend- 
ment to the Constitution, declaring that involuntary servi- 
tude, except as punishment for crime, should be prohibited. 



200 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

This was ratified by three fourths of the States, and was 
declared to be part of the Constitution in December, 1865. 

1018. What was the task before President 

Johnson and Congress ? 

The task, when the war was closed, was to settle all 
war claims, to provide for paying off the national debt, to 
reconstruct the States which had seceded, to dispose, legal- 
ly, of those who had been in arms against the government, 
and to deal with the four millions of blacks just emanci- 
pated. 

1019. What provision was made for the 
national debt ? 

A system of taxes and duties had been devised by Con" 
gress during the war. This was continued and extended 
after the war. Imports, manufactures and incomes were 
taxed to pay the interest of the debt, which amounted to 
$130,000,000 annually, and to meet the expenses of the 
government and to contract the debt itself. Then the bur- 
den of taxation was felt in all quarters, and almost 
nothing was untaxed. 

1020. What action was passed to strengthen 

the credit of the government ? 

In December, 1865, Congress passed a resolution, that 
**the public debt must and should be paid, principal and 
interest. " 

1021. What was done with those who had 

been in arms against the government ? 

In May, 1865, the President issued a proclamation 
removing the blockade and granting pardon to all who had 
engaged in secession, except to certain classes, such as thos^ 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 201 

who had left the army, or those who had vacated seats in 
Congress, or had held certain military rank in the Confed- 
erate army. 

1022. What did he do with some of the States? 

He recognized the State governments which had been 
organized in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana 
under the protection of the Union army. 

1023. How did he deal with the other States ? 

The President also appointed ''Provisional'* Govern- 
ors for the other seceded States, that is, Governors to act 
till the States were legally restored to the Union, These 
Governors were to call conventions in their States, which 
were to provide for the taking back of all they had done 
against the government. 

1024. What, in the President's opinion, was 

to be required of the seceded States ? 

The States should be required to rescind their ordinances 
of secession, to declare void all their Confederate debts, 
and agree to the thirteenth amendment abolishing slavery. 
This the President thought was all that should be required 
of them. 

1025. What position did Congress take ? 

Congress was not satisfied with this. In addition, it pro- 
vided a new amendment to the Constitution, guaranteeing 
equal civil rights to all, regardless of color or race, and 
basing representation in Congress in each State on the 
number of persons entitled to vote ; this amendment, also, the 
States must ratify. 

1026. Which policy prevailed ? 

Congress held that they, and not the President, had 



OOTED STATES HIBTOEY. 

power to fix conditions of reconstmction, and as the great 
nmjoritT in bofli honses of Graigiess weie of the same 
opinion this policy {MicTalled against that of the Piesident. 

1027. When was this amendment made I 

This am^idment, the f onrteenth, was jHoposed in 1867, 
and became a part of the Constitation in 1868. 

102S. What eonrse did Congre^ take with 

the State? ? 

The 5 : . ' jiidition of re-ad- 

misBion, L , r ]: : 1 f": a hill placing 

themnnd . in : : r 7_r >:_v. ._ ii-mmandwere 
to man&gf r mis lor conTentioBS to remodel the 

constitaLi : ^s : _r T:ales. 

1029. What was the r^ult of this course of 

proceeding? 

An the States finallj came hack under these pio^isions 
with new constitntioas, after a hitter struggle in which 
mnch ill-feeling was produced against the coarse of Con- 
gress. 

1030- What was the pith of this controversy? 

The pith of the omtroveisy was whether those who had 
seceded and fought against the.Union should still contzol 
the affairs of the States^ or whether this oontiol should pass 
to the freedmen, who woe numraous enough in all these 
States, with the help of those who had come 6omthe 
North, to outTote the fornix' alaTe-holding whites. 

1031. What course was finally taken with the 
President ? 

In February, 1868, the President was impeached for al- 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 203 

leged violation of a law passed by Congress as one of the 
fruits of the controversy between them and the President. 
This law regulated the holding of office by those who had 
been appointed, and the President attempted to remove 
from office Mr. Stanton, the Secretary of War, whose 
opinions agreed with those of Congress. 

1032. What was the result ? 

The President was tried by the Senate of the United 
States and acquitted. 

1033. What further action was taken ? 

Bills for enforcing the civil rights of the freedmen and 
for providing for their care and education were passed, not- 
withstanding the veto of the President. 

1034. What further amnesty was granted ? 

In July, 1868, amnesty was granted to all who had par- 
ticipated in rebellion and were not under indictment for 
treason. 

1035. During the war what trouble had arisen 

in Mexico ? 

During the war, 1863, Napoleon III. had sent an army 
to Mexico to re-establish the power of the Latin Races on 
the American continent. England had refused his request 
to join in this enterprise. 

1036. How had this fared ? 

The Mexican republicans were defeated, and Maximil- 
ian of Austria was made Emperor of Mexico. 

1037. What had the United State to do with 
this ? 

This was in direct violation of the Monroe doctrine. 



204 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1038. How was it dealt with at the close of 
the war ? 

During the war the United States could give no attention 
to this matter, but at its close the government demanded 
that the French troops should be withdrawn. This was 
complied with. The Mexicans then rebelled against Max- 
imilian, conquered his adherents, and shot him. 

1039. What treaty was made ? 

In 1868, a treaty was made with China. An embassy- 
came to the United States with the American minister, Mr. 
Burlingame, for this purpose. 

1040. What did this treaty provide for? 

This treaty provided for the full liberty of conscience 
to Americans in China, and also granted valuable commer- 
cial privileges. 

1041. Who were nominated for the Presidency 

in 1868? 

Gen. U. S. Grant was nominated as the candidate of 
those who agreed in general with the policy of Congress; 
and Horatio Seymour by the Democrats, who opposed this 
policy altogether. 

1042. Did all the States take part in this elec- 
tion? 

Virginia, Mississippi and Texas not having yet complied 
with the conditions imposed by Congress, took no part in 
this election. 

1043. What State had previously been re-ad- 
mitted to the Union ? 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 205 

Tennessee having complied with the President's condi- 
tions was re-admitted in 1866. 

1044. When were the other States re-admit- 
ted? 

Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North 
Carolina, South Carolina were re-admitted in 1868. 

1045. Who was elected ? 

U. S. Grant was elected in 1868 and re-elected in 1872. 
Schuyler Colfax of Indiana was elected Vice-President in 
1868, and Henry Wilson in 1872. 

1046. What other amendment to the Consti- 
tution was proposed during Johnson's term ? 

After the election, but before the inauguration, of Gen. 
Grant the fifteenth and last amendment to the Constitution 
was recommended to the States by Congress. 

1047. What did this provide ? 

It provided that the right to vote should not be denied 
or abridged on account of race, color or previous condition 
of servitude. 

1048. What was the design of this amend- 
ment ? 

This amendment was meant to secure the right of vot- 
ing to the freedmen by making it a part of the Constitution 
of the United States, and so taking it out of the power of 
any State government to deny this right on this account. 

1049. Did this become part of the Constitu- 
tion? 



206 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Three-fourths of the States agreed to it, and it became 
part of the Constitution in March, 1870. 

1050. What was the objection raised to this 
amendment ? 

The objection to it was, that it took the power of fixing 
the qualifications, so far, of voters from the States, where 
it properly belonged. It interfered, therefore, with State 
rights. 

Ulysses S. Grant. 1868-1872. 

1051. When was reconstruction completed ? 

The last three of the seceded States were admitted early 
in 1870; Virginia in January, Mississippi in February and 
Texas in March. 

1052. What were the problems of Grant's 

administration ? 

The problerns before Grant's administration were to allay 
the irritation between the sections of the country, to secure 
to the freedmen the rights under the amended Constitution, 
to maintain the national credit, and to relieve taxation. 

1053. What was the political condition of 

the South ? 

The Southern States were all at first under the rule of 
the party which had elected Grant, the Republican party. 

1054. How was this brought about ? 

This was brought about by the votes of the negroes, with 
those of Northern men who had remained in the States 
after the war, and the influence of the general government 
aided sometimes by the presence of United States troops. 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 20T 

1055. What part did the former slave-owners 

take in these early elections ? 

The former slave-owners, and the white population gen- 
erally bitterly opposed all the reconstruction measures of 
Congress and the voting of negroes, and they hated and de- 
spised the Northern political adventurer who had come in 
with all: these. In many cases in which they knew them- 
selves to be in the hopeless minority they kept aloof from 
elections. 

1056. As a consequence, how were things man- 
aged ? 

All power thus for a time fell into the hands of negroes 
and scheming whites, and the return of prosperity was de- 
layed. 

105 Y. What was the general character of 

these governments ? 

They were in the hands of ignorant blacks and corrupt 
whites, and things rapidly went from bad to worse, till 
some of these States were aptly described as ** prostrate 
States." 

1058. Who were put into the higher offices in 

these States ? 

White men from the North, called *' Carpet-Baggers, '*^ 
or Southern whites of bad character were made Governors 
and Senators, while minor offices were bestowed upon 
the negroes. 

1059. What was meant by the political term^ 
Carpet-Bagger ? 

This was a nick-name given to those who went from the 



208 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

North, and with no property in the South, and no interest 
but a selfish one, became political adventurers there. Liter- 
ally, it meant those who had nothing but what they brought 
there in a travelling-bag. 

1060. Was this state of things general in the 
South? 

This state of things was general in the South. New 
Constitutions had been framed during the progress of re- 
construction, and all was in the hands of such men as these. 

1061. What was the only alternative to this ? 

The choice lay between restoring to power those who 
had taken their States out of the Union and caused all the 
loss and bloodshed of the war, or those who had been 
made free by the war and who were friends of the Union. 
Congress chose the latter. 

1062. How did Congress and the President 
regard this state of things ? 

Congress and the President could now do but little but 
let affairs work themselves out. The governments at the 
South were legal, and their influence was rather to keep 
the freedmen in power than to restore the *' reconstructed 
rebels. " 

1063. How could this condition of affairs be 
maintained ? 

A party in power has means of perpetuating its power; 
besides, the presence, in some quarters of the South, of 
United States troops, supposed to be ready and in some in- 
stances to be used, was a strong argument in its favor. 

1064. Was President Grant personally respon- 
sible ? 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 209 

President Grant personally desired peace and was dis- 
posed to treat all Southern questions with candor and lib- 
erality ; but he was the Executive officer of the United States 
and not the law-making power, and had no direct control 
of anything but the troops. 

1065. What did the Southern people think 

about the withdrawal of the troops ? 

The Southern people thought that the presence of the 
troops alone made these State governments possible, and 
that if they were withdrawn they could take care of them- 
selves. 

1066. What did the President say to this ? 

The President said that the troops were there only to 
keep the peace, and were only to be used for that purpose. 

1067. How was this unsatisfactory ? 

The President must judge when and where their pres- 
ence was necessary, and his judgment and that of the 
Southern people did not always agree. 

1068. What was the end of it all ? 

Gradually the negro and "carpet-bag" governments 
were displaced by others, till finally their rule was over- 
thrown in every one of the restored States. 

1069. Was this a good without accompanying 

evil? 

In accomplishing this, the negro in his turn was sub- 
jected to much violence and oppression, and many lost 
their lives at the hands of mobs and armed bands ; and he 
came to feel that he was deprived of his rights, particularly 
that of voting, which he dearly prized. 



210 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1070. When was this second revolution com- 
pleted? 

This second revolution was not completed till the very 
<jlose of Grant's second administration. 

1071. What was the real contest in all this ? 

The real contest was whether the blacks, now free, 
should have equal political rights with the whites. 

1072. If they were to have such rights what 
would result ? 

If they were to have such rights, then most of the South 
would be ruled by its former slaves, for they, with the 
few who would vote with them, could control the elections 
in the southern States. 

1073. What was right politically ? 

By the Constitution the negroes were entitled to equal 
political rights. 

1074. How was this met ? 

To this it was answered, in general, that the amendments 
to the Constitution were accepted in good faith, though 
they had been in a measure forced upon the South; but 
qualification of votes were properly fixed by the States 
themselves. 

1075. Was this, then, a question of inherent 

difficulty? 

The difficulties of this question were not wholly made 
by politicians and parties. It was by itself a serious ques- 
tion what part the freedmen should have in the govern- 
ment, and what part those who had fought against the 
United States should have. Without doubt, the difficulty 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 311 

was greatly increased by the party interests involved on 
either side. 

1076. How had political parties in Congress 
been affected by this ? 

In the meantime, political parties in Congress had been 
gradually changing. By the middle of Grant's second 
term the Republican party had lost its majority in the 
House of Eepresentatives, and its majority in the Senate 
had become small. 

10Y7. What great national enterprise was fin- 
ished during the first year of this administration? 

The Pacific Rail Road was completed on May 10, 1869. 
This had been talked of in 1853; but was not begun till 
1863. 

1078. What is the length of this road? 

This great road extends from Omaha to San Francisco, 
a distance of 1914 miles. 

1079. What is remarkable about this road ? 

It was begun during the great civil war, and the aid of 
the government in its construction was not voted till after 
the Southern representatives had withdrawn from Congress. 

1080. What is noticeable about its position ? 

This is a Central Pacific Rail Road, going through the 
heart of the country. It is true that it does not run through 
any part of the old South, but it is for all that a Central, 
national, road from the great River to the great Ocean. 

1081. What foreign territory was negotiated 
for during this administration ? 



212 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

In 1871, Pres. Grant appointed a Commission to visit 
San Domingo and report whether it was desirable to an- 
nex part of that island to the United States. 

1082. What did they report ? 

The Commissioners reported strongly in favor of such 
annexation and the President greatly desired it, 

1083. Was it annexed? 

The annexation was violently opposed and defeated. 

1084. How did this measure affect Gen. 

Grant's popularity? 

Gen. Grant was blamed by many, and denounced by 
some, for this attempt to acquire territory. Some asserted 
it to be an act of usurpation of power and of personal am- 
bition. 

1085. Who was opposed to Gen. Grant in the 

election of 1872 ? 

Many Republicans became very much dissatisfied with 
Gen. Grant during his first term, and nominated Horace 
Greeley for President. The Democrats also nominated him, 
but Grant was re-elected by a very large majority in the 
electoral college. 

1086. On what grounds were Republicans dis- 
satisfied with Gen. Grant ? 

Kepublicans were dissatisfied with Gen. Grant on two 
grounds : (1) his Southern policy, which did not seem to 
them liberal enough for the best results there and in the 
country generally; (2) his practical indifference to the best 
sentiment of his party as shown by his appointment to 
responsible and lucrative offices of relatives and personal 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 213 

friends and men known by everyone else to be unworthy of 
confidence. 

1087. Why did the Democrats accept Greeley? 

The Democrats were desirous of a change of administra- 
tion in the direction of Mr. Greeley's opinions. They 
would have liked to go further than Mr. Greeley would 
in conciliatory measures, but preferred defeating Grant by 
any candidate to dividing the opposition to him. 

1088. What Indian wars were there in Grant's 

second term ? 

The war with the Modocs and with the Sioux occurred 
in Grant's second term. 

1089. What was the notable event of the Mo- 
doc war ? 

The notable event of this war was the treacherous mur- 
der of the Rev. Dr. Thomas and of Gen. Canby, who had 
been sent as a Peace Commission to treat with them. They 
sat beside their victims in a peaceful conference, and with- 
out warning turned upon them and slew them. . 

1090. What was the cause of this war ? 

The cause of the war was the refusal of the Indians to 
go to a new reservation accordinsj to agreement. 

1091. Where did they live ? 

The Modocs lived near Lake Klamath, in Oregon. 

1092. What was the result ? 

The Modocs were in the end defeated and the chiefs 
tried by Court Martial. 

1093. What caused the Sioux war ? 



214 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

A treaty had been made with the Sioux by which they 
were to retire to their reservation in south-western Dakota, 
by January 1, 1876. In the meantime gold had been found 
in the Black Hills, lying partly within their reservation, 
and gold-hunters rushed in. Then the Sioux ravaged parts 
of Wyoming and Montana, burning and murdering all 
they could lay their hands on. 

1094. What was the notable event of this war? 

The notable event of this war was the defeat and entire 
destruction — to a man — of a force of United States troops, 
led by the brave Gen. Custer, in a fight with the Sioux on 
June 25. 

1095. How did the war end ? 

This war ended as most Indian wars have ended. 
They were badly defeated twice near the end of the year, 
once by Colonel McKenzie, and then by Gen. Miles, and 
their bands scattered. Their chiefs, women, and num- 
bers of warriors are still at large, residing part of the time 
in Canada, and are still fiercely hostile to the United 
States, 

1096. What occurred in 1S73 ? 

In 1873, was a severe commercial panic, beginning with 
the failure of Jay Cooke & Co. , one of the principal bank- 
ing firms of the country. Other failures followed and 
great commercial distress prevailed for several years. 

1097. What was the canse of this panic? 

This panic was popularly attributed to the *' shrinkage 
of values " produced by the re-action from the high prices 
and inflation of war times. 

1098. What great event occurred in 1876 ? 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 215 

In 1876 occurred the Centennial Celebration of Amer- 
ican Independence. 

' 1099. How was this celebrated ? 

This was celebrated by an International Exposition of 
Arts and Industries at Philadelphia, which was open from 
May 10 to November 10. 

1100. What was the nature of this Exposition? 

The general government appropriated a million and 
a half dollars to aid it, and much more was given by vari" 
ous States and cities. Five large main buildings, and 
many smaller one were filled with the products of art and 
industry from all parts of the world. 

1101. How many persons visited it ? 

The total number of admissions was 9,786,000. Of 
course, many were admitted many times. 

1102. What were the receipts? 

The receipts were $3,761,000, half a dollar being the 
charge for admission. 

1103. What three parties took part in the 
election of 1876, and who were their candidates ? 

In the election of 1876, the Republicans nominated for 
President, Rutherford B, Hayes, of Ohio ; the Democrats 
nominated Samuel J. Tilden, of New York; and the Inde- 
pendent Greenback party nominated Peter Cooper, of 
New York. 

1104. What principles did the parties an- 
nounce ? 

The main cry of each of the two large parties was re- 
form; to this the Democrats added a demand for greater 



216 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

recognition of State rights, and the Republicans a demand 
for the continued authority of the general government and 
the protection of the freedmen. 

1105. To what was the Reform to be applied? 

Reform of the civil service of the country was de- 
manded, so that the officers of the country should be 
appointed and continued on the ground of ability and 
fidelity, and not on the ground of political usefulness. 

1106. What did the Independent Greenback 

party declare ? 

The Independent Greenback party declared that the 
payment of U. S. Bonds issued in the war should not be 
made in coin, but in any legal tender of the country. 

1107. What, in short, were the issues of the 

election ? 

The issues of the election were the Southern policy. 
Civil Service reform, and the national faith in the pay- 
ment of its war debts. 

1108. What was the result of the election? 

Peter Cooper did not receive one electoral vote; Mr. 
Tilden received 184 undisputed votes, 185 being necessary 
for election:— the votes of South Carolina, Florida and 
Louisiana were disputed : — Mr. Hayes received the remain- 
ing votes. 

1109. How were these votes in doubt? 

In these three States such irregularities had occured in 
the elections, and the condition of State affairs was such, 
that two opposing sets of votes were forwarded from each. 

1110. What was the result ? 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 217 

In consequence of this, no one had received an undis- 
puted majority of the electoral vote. 

1111. What was the point in dispute? 

The precise point in dispute was whether the electoral 
vote of each of these States should be counted for Mr. 
Hayes or for Mr. Tilden. 

1112. How was it settled ? 

The Constitution provided for no such emergency, and 
it was resolved by Congress to submit the disputed votes 
to an Electoral Commission, and the decision of this Com- 
mission was to stand, unless over-ruled by each house of 
Congress. 

1113. How was this Commission to be made 

up? 

The Commission was to be made up of five Senators, 
five Representatives, and five Judges of the Supreme 
Court of the United States; and to it was to be referred 
any vote whose validity either house of Congress ques- 
tioned. 

1114. How did the Commission decide? 

The Commission decided that all of the disputed votes 
belonged to Mr. Hayes, and the decision was not over- 
ruled in both houses of Congress, and thus Mr. Hayes re- 
ceived one-hundred and eighty- five votes, just enough to 
elect him. 

1115. Who was elected Vice-President? 

William A. Wheeler, of New York, was chosen Vice- 
President in the same way and by the same vote. 

1116. Did this result satisfy the country ? 



218 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

This result satisfied most, though it disappointed many. 
A few thought it fraudulent, but most thought it a happy 
settlement of a serious difficulty. 

1117. Was Mr. Hayes inaugurated ? 

Mr. Hayes took the oath of office on March 4, and was 
inaugurated on the 5th in the usual manner, without op- 
position, 

EuTHERFORD B. Hayes. 1876—1880. 

1118. What unusual act did Mr. Hayes do in 

the formation of Cabinet? 

In forming his Cabinet, Mr. Hayes did the unusual act 
of appointing one member of the opposite party, Mr. Key, 
to be Post-master General. 

1119. Why did he do this ? 

He desired to have one Southern man in the Cabinet, 
that the South might know, as he said, that he had no plana 
about their part of the country to keep from their knowl- 
edge. There being no prominent Republican in that sec- 
tion, he appointed a Democrat. 

1120. What was the political complexion of 
Congress ? 

The Senate was still Republican by a small majority^ 
ajid the House was Democratic by a considerable majority. 

1121. What was the tone of the inaugural ad- 
dress ? 

The inaugural address was conciliatory in tone, assur- 
ing the South of just treatment, promising vigorous effort 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 219 

in the direction of Civil Service Reform, and urging a 
speedy return to specie payments. 

1122. What was done with the troops ? 

United States troops were withdrawn from South Caro- 
lina and Louisiana. 

1123. What was the result of this ? 

Immediately on their withdrawal the Democrats, almost 
without opposition, assumed control of these States, the 
only two then remaining in Republican hands. 

1124. What has been the condition of the Re- 
publican party in the seceding States since? 

Since this time the Republican party has had only a 
nominal existence in the seceding States. 

1125. What domestic trouble arose in 1877? 

In 1877, a great strike of men employed on rail-roads 
occurred and continued several days. 

1126. Where did it begin ? 

It began on the Baltimore and Ohio road and extended 
over most of the important roads of the North, except the 
New York Central. 

1127. To what did it lead ? 

This strike led to much rioting, and violence, and much 
destruction of property. 

1128. Where was the most serious riot ? 

The most serious riot was at Pittsburg, Pa., where 
property to the value of $3,000,000 was destroyed, and a 
hundred lives were lost. 



220 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1129. How were these riots quelled ? 

United States and State troops were called out and much 
fighting was necessary before it was fully subdued. 

1130. What was the cause of it ? 

The cause of the strike was a reduction of prices owing 
to hard times; the rioting and loss of property came with- 
out intention and from incidental causes in various places. 

1131. What was the condition of finances ? 

** Times were hard, " as the result of coming back to real, 
in distinction from speculative, values of property, but 
good harvests and enforced economy were gradually prepar- 
ing the way for better times. , 

1132. When was specie payment resumed? 

January 1, 1879, had been fixed by act of Congress for 
the resumption of specie payments. Though great efforts 
had been made to prevent resumption at that time by those 
who did not think it good policy, paper money had been 
gradually approaching gold in value, and even before this 
date they had become equal. On the day appointed specie 
dayments were resumed throughout the country. 

1133. What had been done with reference to 
silver ? 

In 1873, by act of Congress, silver had been demone- 
tized; that is had been declared not to be money. This 
made gold the one standard of money in this country. 

1134. What was now done? 

In 1877, a bill known from the name of its author, as 
the '* Bland Bill," again made silver legal money; and 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 221 

since that time the county has had two standards of mon- 
ey, gold and silver. 

1135. What were the provisions of this bill ? 

The main provisions of the Bland Bill were that silver 
money should be legal tender for all payments, and that 
two million silver dollars, each containing 412^ grains of 
silver, should be coined monthly. 

1136. What was done about Civil Sei vice Re- 
form? 

The Civil Service Reform made but little progress. It 
found many enemies and scoffers and indifferent friends. 
At the close of the administration it remained just about 
where it was at the beginning, 

1137. What is the great practical diflSculty in 
the way of such a reform ? 

The great practical difficulty in the way of such a re- 
form is, that if offices are to be bestowed for merit politi- 
cal patronage is to a great extent taken out of the hands of 
politicians. 

1138. What dispute with Great Britain was 

settled ? 

By the treaty of Washington the dispute about the fish- 
eries on the northern coast was referred to a Commission, 
who decided that the United States must pay to Great 
Britain $5,500,000 as damages for unlawful fishing. 

1139. What movement of the negroes took 
place ? 

In 1879, great numbers of negroes left Louisiana and 
Mississippi and emigrated to Kansas. 



222 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1140. What were the causes of this movement? 
Since the re occupation of the government by the whitea 

the blacks had been in many ways harassed and persecuted, 
and in some instances mobbed and murdered by lawless 
men. In particular, they mourned the loss of perfect free- 
dom at the polls which they had enjoyed since the war, 
and their affairs generally were not prosperous ; so they 
desired to get away from the South entirely. 

1141. Did the movement continue? 

The movement continued and extended, and much suf- 
fering was caused by their going with almost nothing to a 
new country. 

1142. What notice did Congress take of it ? 

The Senate appointed a committee of investigation into 
its causes. 

1143. Did political motives enter into it? 

It was charged that the movement was made and en-^ 
couraged by politicians, and by others who had selfish 
motives only. 

1144. What did the committee report? 

Conflicting reports were made and nothing was settled 
by them. 

1145. What sort of celebrations were going 

on all through this administration ? 

All through this administration, centennial celebrations- 
were occurring. These were mainly of events of the Rev- 
olutionary war, battles, evacuations, etc. 

1146. What was the general character of these 
celebrations ? 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 223^ 

These celebrations were, for the most part, local and 
attended by the people of the neighborhood. They con- 
sisted mainly, of gatherings of the people, orations, poems, 
historical papers, and in some instances, the main feature 
was the erection of a monument in commemoration of the 
event or of some prominent actor in it. 

1147. Who was nominated for the next Presi- 
dency ? 

The National Convention of the Republicans met at 
Chicago, June 3, and nominated James A. Garfield, of Ohio. 

The Democratic Convention met at Cincinnati, June- 
20, and nominatedWinfield S» Hancock, of New York. 

Garfield and Arthur. 

1148. Was there any dispute about the elec_ 

tion of Garfield and Arthur ? 

There was no dispute about this election, and Garfield 
and Arthur were sworn into oflace on March 4, 1881, with- 
out opposition. 

1149. What tragic event occurred soon after? 

On July 2, as President Garfield was standing in the 
rail-road depot at Washington, he was shot by an assassin- 
named Guiteau. 

1150. What was the motive of this crime? 

Guiteau was undoubtedly a man of unbalanced mind, 
and he was disappointed at not receiving some official ap- 
pointment in return for services he supposed he had ren- 
dered to the Republican party during the election. 

1151. When did the President die? 



-224 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

President Garfield lingered till September 19, when he 
died at Elberon, X. Y., whither he had come from "Wash- 
ington in hopes that the change might benefit him, although 
it had been evident for weeks that no chance for recovery 
Temained. * ' 

1152. How was the news of this act received? 

A thrni of horror ran through the civilized world at the 

news of this unprovoked and dastardly act. Probably 
nothing ever occurred which so profoundly stirred the 
hearts of the American people. From July to September 
one wish and one prayer was in every heart : namely, that 
the President might recover. 

1153. What was Guitean's f ate ? 

After a long and tedious trial, Guiteau was convicted of 
murder and hung. The question at issue was. of course, 
-his sanity. 

1154. Who succeeded to the Presidency ? 

The Vice-President, Chester A. Arthur, succeeded to 
the Presidency, and is now, summer of 1SS4, in the last 
year of his term. 

1155. What have been the principal political 

topics during his administration ? 

The principal political topics have been civil-service re 
form, coinage of silver dollars as legal tender, reform of 
tariff, and the unending Indian question. 

1156. What has been the general condition of 

the country ? 

The general condition of the country has been one of 
prosperity. Harvests have been good, trade has increased. 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 225^ 

though shipping interests have not revived, and nothing 
has occurred to disturb the peaceful industries of the coun- 
try. 

1157. Who have been nominated as candidates^ 

for the Presidency, to succeed Mr. Arthur ? 

On June 3, the Kepublican party assembled in conven- 
tion, at Chicago, nominated James G. Blaine, of Maine, 
and John A, Logan, of Illinois, as candidates for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President. In the same city the Democrat- 
ic convention nominated G rover Cleveland, of New York, 
and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana; and an active politr 
ical campaign is now going on in the interests of candidates. 
Benjamin F. Butler is also named as the candidate of the 
Greenback and Workingmen's party, and Gov, St. John^. 
as the candidate of the Prohibition party. 



MISCELLANEOUS AND SUMMARY. 
Admission of New States. 

1158. What was the original number of the 

States? 

The original number of States was thirteen, viz : Massa- 
chusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Deleware, Mary- 
land, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Geor- 
gia. 

1159. Where were they situated ? 

These States were situated along the Atlantic coasts 
from Maine to Florida. 

1160. What was the condition of the rest of 
the country ? 

The country west of the Alleghanies was, for the most 
part, a wilderness inhabited by Indians, with here and there 
a settlement of white pioneers, or encampment of hunters. 

1161. How was the territory outside of the 
thirteen States taken care of ? 

After the several States had given up their respective 
claims to territory outside of their own boundaries. Con- 
fess divided all into two territories, called the North 
West Territory and the South West Territory. 



THE SEVENTH PERIOD. 227 

1162. What was the general course of settle- 
ment and admission to the Union ? 

In general, settlers would occupy such lands as they 
•selected, and when the population of any part became large 
enough, it was separated from the great North West or 
South West Territory, and received a particular name with 
£k government of its own, and by and by framed a Consti- 
tution, and was received as a State into the Union. 

1163. What State was first admitted ? 
Vermont was first admitted, in 1791. 

1164. How was this State formed? 

This State had been claimed as part of the territory of 
I^ew York, but since 1777 had been practically independ- 
ent; and that independence being acknowledged by the 
general government, and it having adopted the Constitu- 
tion of the United States as the other States had done, it 
was received without ever having been a territory in the 
sense in which other States have been before their admission. 

1165. What was the next State? 

Kentucky was admitted in 1792, in a manner and under 
circumstances similar to those of Vermont. This territory 
was formerly part of Virginia. 

1166. What was the next State? 

The next State admitted was Tennessee, in 1796. 

1167. What had Tennessee been ? 

Tennessee was part of North Carolina till 1790, when it 
was ceded to the United States, from which time to its ad- 
mission it was a territory. 

1168. What State was next admitted? 
Ohio was admitted in 1802. 



228 UNITED STATES HISTOEY. 

1169. What had Ohio been? 

Ohio was part of the North West Territory. This had 
been divided in 1800 into Ohio and Indiana. From 180O 
to 1802 Ohio was a separate territory. 

1170. What State was next admitted ? 
Louisiana was admitted in 1812. 

1171. What was the origin of this State ? 

This State was part of the territory purchased of France. 
The entire territory so purchased was divided into the 
territory of Orleans, and the District of Louisiana. The 
territory of Orleans was admitted as the State of Louisiana.. 

1172. What State came next ? 
Indiana was admitted in 1816. 

1173. What had Indiana been ? 

The State of Indiana was the south-eastern part of the 
Territory of Indiana. 

1174. What was the next State ? 
Mississippi was admitted in 1817. 

1175. What was its territorial history ? 

Georgia, in 1800, had ceded the present States of Ala- 
bama and Mississippi to the United States. The two were 
organized as the Territory of Mississippi. In 1817, the 
western part was admitted as a State. 

1176. What State came next? 
Illinois was admitted in 1818. 

1177. What had this State been ? 

This was part of the old territory of Indiana, which la 



MISCELLANEOUS. 229 

1809 had been made a separate territory, and remained 
such till its admission as a State. 

1178. What State came next ? 
Alabama was admitted in 1819. 

1179. What had it been ? 

It had been a territory under the same name since its 
separation from Mississippi, in 1817. 

1180. What State came next ? 
Maine came next, admitted in 1820. 

1181. What had been its previous condition ? 

Maine had been a province of Massachusetts, till in this 
year it was separated from this State and admitted into the 
Union. 

1182. What State came next? 
Missouri was admitted in 1821. 

1183. What was this State? 

This State was part of the Louisiana purchase. It had 
been separated from the District of Louisiana and made a 
separate territory, and part of this territory of Missouri 
was admitted as the State of Missouri. [For the contro- 
versy about its admission, see Q. 752.] 

1184. What State came next? 
Arkansas was admitted in 1836. 

1185. What had it been ? 

This State was part of the old Missouri territory, and so 
part of the Louisiana purchase. It had been a separate ter- 
ritory since 1819. 



230 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1186. What State came next? 
Michigan was admitted in 1837. 

1187. What had this State been I 

This State was part of the Indiana territory till 1805, 
and from that time to its admission it was a separate terri- 
tory. 

1188. What State was next admitted ? 
Florida was admitted in 1845. 

1189. How did the United States obtain Flor- 
ida? 

Florida was purchased of Spain, in 1819 [see Q. 751.], 
and had been the territory of Florida till this time, 

1190. What State came next ? 
Texas was admitted in 1845. 

1191. How was Texas acquired ? 

Texas was originally part of Mexico, and had been ac- 
quired by treaty from that power. [See Q. 883, seq.] 

1192. What State came next? 
Iowa was admitted in 1846. 

1193. What was this State? 

Iowa was part of the Louisiana purchase, and had 
been a separate territory since 1838. 

1194. What State came next ? 
Wisconsin was admitted in 1848. 

1195. What had this State been ? 



MISCELLANEOUS. 231 

Wisconsin was part of the original Northwest, or Indi- 
ana territory, and had been a separate territory since 1836. 

1196. What State came next ? 
California was admitted in 1850. 

1197. How was this State obtained ? 

This State was part of the territory obtained from Mex- 
ico by the treaty of Gaudaloupe Hidalgo, in 1848. [For 
the controversy about its admission, see Q. 868, seq.] 

1198. What State was next admitted? 
Minnesota was admitted in 1858, 

1199. What was this State ? 

The part of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River 
was part of the Louisiana purchase; the small portion east 
of that Biver belonged to the old Northwest territory. It 
had been a territory since 1849. 

1200. What State came next ? 
Oregon was admitted in 1859. 

1201. How did the United States acquire this ? 

Oregon was part of the United States by being part of 
the Louisiana purchase. The northern boundary was in dis- 
pute for a long time, the United States, by reason of the 
explorations of Lewis and Clark, sent there by President 
Jefferson, not being willing to yield all that Great Britain 
claimed. This part, therefore, was occupied jointly till 
1346, when the boundary was fixed by treaty with Great 
Britain at latitude 49°. The territory of Oregon originally 
comprised the present State of Oregon, and the territories 
of Washington and Idaho. Oregon was organized as a 
separate territory in 1848. 



232 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1202. What State came next? 
Kansas was admitted in 1861. 

1203. What was Kansas ? 

Kansas was part of the Louisiana purchase, and had 
been a separate territory since 1854. 

1204. What State came next ? 

West Virginia was admitted as a separate State in 1863. 

1205. What had this State been? 

This State was part of old Virginia. During the civil 
war it was made a separate State under the provision of 
the Constitution, which allowed a State to be divided, with 
its own consent, into two. 

1206. What State came next ? 
Nevada was admitted in 1864. 

120Y. Whence this State ? 

Nevada was part of the territory acquired from Mexico 
in 1848. When California was admitted, the territory of 
Utah included Nevada, which was made a separate terri- 
tory in 1861. 

1208. What State was next admitted ? 
Nebraska was admitted in 1867. 

1209. What was this State? 

Nebraska was part of the Louisana purchase, and had 
been a territory since 1854. 

1210. What was the last State admitted ? 

The last State admitted was Colorado. It was received 
in March 1875, but its constitution was not ratified by the 



MISCELLANEOUS. 323 

people of the State till July 1876. It is known as the Cen- 
tennial State. 

1211. Whence this territory ? 

The eastern part of this territory was part of the Louisi- 
ana purchase ; the western was part of the territory acquired 
from Mexico in 1848. 

1212. What is the present number of States? 
The present number of States is thirty eight. 

1213. What is to be noticed about the admis- 
sion of new States ? 

It is to be noticed about the admission of new States, 
that nearly down to the civil war the admission of a free 
and of a slave State, alternately, went on with almost uni- 
form regularity : thus, Vermont and Kentucky ; Tennessee 
and Ohio; Mississippi and Illinois; Louisiana and Indiana; 
Alabama and Maine; Missouri and Arkansas, and Michi- 
gan; Florida and Texas, Iowa and Wisconsin. Then the 
uniformity, is broken by the admission of California and 
Minnesota with no corresponding slave States. 

1214. What else is to be noticed about the ad- 
mission of States ? 

It is to be noticed, also, that the great struggles over 
the admission of States has been about those which lie in 
the middle of the country, as Missouri, California and 
Kansas. 

1215. How is the remaining terrritory of the 

United States organized? 

The remaining territory is organized into Ten territories : 
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Dakota, and the Indian Terri- 



234 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

tory, parts of the Louisiana purchase; Utah, New Mexico, 
and Arizona, parts of the territory acquired from Mexico, 
and Alaska purchased from Russia. 

1216. When were these Territories so arranged? 

These Territories, except Alaska and the Indian, were 
marked out in their present form during the administration 
of President Johnson. 

Acquisitions of Territory. 

1217. What was the original territory of the 

United States, and its area ? 

The origmal territory of the United States, according 
to the treaty of Paris, was all east of the Mississippi 
river, between the Lakes and the Gulf of Mexico en the 
west, and from the Bay of Fundy to Florida on the east. 
The area was about 420,000 square miles. 

1218. What was the first acquisition of terri- 
tory? 

The first acquisition of territory was the Louisiana 
purchase, including all west of the Mississippi River to the 
Mexican dominions and the Pacific Ocean. 

1219. What did this include, and its area? 

This included the States of Louisiana, Arkansas, Mis- 
souri, Iowa, most of Minnesota, Oregon, and the part of 
Colorado north of the Arkansas river and east of the 
Rocky mountains, Wyoming except the south-western 
corner, Dakota, and the Indian, Territories. The area of 
this is more than a million square miles. 

1220. What was the next acquisition ? 



MISCELLANEOUS. 235 

The next acquisition was Florida, purchased of Spain 
in 1819. Area, 50,000 square miles. 

1221. What was the next ? 

The several Mexican cessions, including Texas, annexed 
in 1845; that granted at the close of the Mexican war in 
1848; and the Gadsden purchase of 1853. 

1222. What are the present divisions of this 

acquisition ? 

The States of Texas, California, Nevada, a large part 
of Colorado, and the territories of Utah, Arizona, New 
Mexico, and the south-west corner of Wyoming are its 
present divisions. The area is nearly a million square 
miles. 

1223. What was the last purchase ? 

The territory of Alaska, purchased of Russia in 1868, is 
the last purchase. The area of this is about 580,000 square 
miles more than the original area of the whole country. 

1224. What is the gross sum paid for these 

acquisitions ? 

The gross sum paid directly for these is $53,000,000. 
Incidentally it cost more, for the Mexican war debt should 
really be reckoned as part of the cost. 

1525. What is the present area of the United 

States ? 

The present area of the United States is about 3,604,000 
square miles. 

1226. How does this compare with the origi- 
nal area ? 



236 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

The present area is about eight and a half times as large 
as the original area. 

1227. Has the United States obtained any 

territory but by purchase ? 

The United States has obtained territory only by pur- 
chase in accordance with treaty, unless Texas is considered 
an exception. 

1228. What is the fact about Texas? 

Texas declared her independence, and really won it, 
and then asked to be annexed to the United States. 

1229. Was Texas included in the treaty of 

Guadaloupe Hidalgo ? 

Texas was included in the treaty of Guadaloupe Hi- 
dalgo, whether the sum paid to Mexico included the pur- 
chase of Texas, or not. 

Population. 

1230. What was the population of the thir- 
teen States in 1776? 

The population of the original thirteen States in 177& 
was between two and a half and three millions. 

1231. What the population at the first census ? 

The population at the first census, in 1790, was four 
millions. 

1232. What was the population at the last 
census ? 

The population at the census of 1880 was more than 
fifty millions. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 23T 

1233. What is the present estimated popula- 
tion? 

The present population (1884), as estimated, is about 
fifty-five millions. 

1234. What, then, is the incl'ease of popula- 
tion ? 

If the population at the time of the Revolution be taken 
at three millions, it has increased eighteen- fold in little- 
more than a century. 

Distinguished Men. 

1235. Who may fairly be said to be the two- 
most distinguished Presidents of the United 
States ? 

The two most distinguished Presidents may fairly be 
said to be George Washington, the Father of his country, 
and Abraham Lincoln, the Preserver of the union, 

1236. Who are the three most distinguished 

soldiers of the Republic ? 

The most distinguished soldiers of the Republic are 
Gen. Washington, of Revolutionary times; Gen. Scott, of 
the second war with England and the Mexican war; and 
Gen. Grant, of the Civil war. 

1237. Who may be given as three of the most 
noted statesmen of early times ? 

Omitting Washington, three of the most noted statesmen 
of the early times were Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin^ 
Franklin, and Alexander Hamilton. 



:238 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

1238. Who may be given as among the most 

noted of recent times ? 

Among the most noted and influential during the first 
half of the century were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and 
John C. Calhoun; others, whose great influence is more 
recent, were Stephen A. Douglass, William H. Seward, 
and Charles Sumner. 

1239. Who were three of the most noted ad- 
vocates of Independence ? 

Three of the most noted and influential advocates of 
independence were James Otis, Patrick Henry, and Sam- 
uel Adams. 

1240. What three had very great influence 

•on public opinion during the civil war ? 

During the civil war these men had great influence: 

Horace Greely, Editor of the New York Tribune, Thadde- 

us Stevens, member of Congress from Pennsylvania, Sal- 

" mon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury, and afterward 

•Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. 

124:1, Who were three of the most famous 

orators of the United States ? 

Of men in public life, three of the most distinguished 
orators were Robt. Y. Hayne, of Sonth Carolina, Daniel 
Webster, of Massachusetts, and Henry Clay, of Kenucky. 

1242. Who have been noted for their skill in 

national finances ? 

Alexander Hamilton, in Washington's time; Albert 
Gallatin, from 1801 to 1813; and Salmon P. Chase, during 
the Civil War. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 239 

1243. Who were noted for their skill in for- 
eign diplomacy ? 

Benjamin Franklin, who made a treaty with France 
during the Revolutioij ; John Jay, who made a treaty with 
England soon after the Revolution; and Commodore 
Perry, who opened trade with Japan. 

124:4. Who, before the civil war, were noted 

for their defence of the Union ? 

Washington, in his Farewell Address; Webster, in the 
Senate in 1832, in reply to Hayne ; and Andrew Jackson, 
in his treatment of the Nullifiers in the same year. 

1245. Who are noted for Arctic explorations ? 

Dr. E. K. Kane, Dr. I. I. Hayes and Lieut. Greeley 
are noted for Arctic explorations conducted by them. 

Important Events. 

1246. In colonial times, what one event may 

be given as of special importance ? 

The most important single event of colonial times was 
was the Declaration of Independence, which led to sepa- 
ration from England. 

1247. What in the times of the Confederacy, 
after the Revolution ? 

The adoption of the Federal Constitution was an event 
of paramount importance, because it settled the nation on 
:a solid foundation. 

1248. What in the early part of the present 
century ? 



240 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

The purchase of Louisiana in 1803 was one of the most 
important events in the whole history of the country, be- 
cause it brought so large an accession of territory and 
removed all danger of complications with the French on 
the question of territory. 

1249. What in the days of Jackson ? 

The introduction of the doctrine that office is the re- 
ward of political service has had untold influence on pol- 
itics and the nation ever since. 

1250. What near the middle of the century ? 

The annexation of Texas in 1845, because that led to 
the Mexican war and the whole train of events involving 
the question of freedom or slavery. 

1251. What others about the middle of the 

century ? 

The admission of California in 1850, as a free State fore- 
shadowed the doom of slavery, and the Kansas-Nebraska 
bill in 1854, precipitated the final struggle. 

1252. What during the civil war? 

The Emancipation proclamation of January 1, 1863, 
which began the finishing of slavery, and the passage of the 
thirteenth amendment, in February 1865, which ended it. 

1253. What at the close of the war? 

The assassination of. Lincoln, which not only was a 
brutal murder and a wanton act, but also made possible all 
the blunders and disappointments of reconstruction by 
other hands than his. 

1254 What in 18Y6 ? 

The International Exposition, which brought all the 



MISCELLANEOUS. 241 

world to see what a single century of growth had done for 
a free people. 

1255. Whatinl8Y7? 

The peaceful settlement of the disputed election of Pres- 
ident; because, though not satisfactory to all, this tor the 
time led the nation out of great peril. 

1256. What in 1879 ? 

The resumption of specie payments with a debt of two 
thousand million dollars still existing ; because that showed 
how strong the country really was financially. 

Inventions and Improyements. 

1257. What are the most useful of American 
inventions ? 

The cotton-gin of Eli Whitney; the steam-boat of Rob- 
ert Fulton; the telegraph of S. F. B. Morse; the sewing 
machine of Elias Howe: the cylinder press of R. Hoe, 
which can now print 50,000 copies an hour; McCormick's 
reaper and binder; and the countless improvements and 
applications of machinery of all sorts. 

1258. What are some of the most useful pub- 
lic works constructed in the United States ? 

The Erie Canal, opened in 1827, as it made a water-way 
from the ocean to the lakes; and the Pacific Railway, as 
it gave continuous land passage from ocean to ocean. 

1259. What were the first rail-roads in the 
United States ? 

In 1827, a road, two miles long, was built from Quincy 
to tide water, to transport cars of stone which were drawn 



242 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

by horses, The first passenger rail- way was the Baltimore 
and Ohio, of which fifteen miles were opened in 1830;these 
cars were drawn by horses, sometimes assisted by sails. 
The road from Charlestown to Hamburg, South Carolina^ 
135 miles, was opened in 1833. 

1260. When was the first locomotive built ? 

The first locomotive was built in 1830, by the late Peter 
Cooper, of New York. 

1261. Did rail-roads multiply rapidly ? 

Between 1832 and 1840 many rail-roads were made and 
more were proposed, and great improvment was made in 
locomotives, cars, and all pertaining to them. 

1262. What is the present length of rail-roads ? 

The present length of rail-roads in the United States is^ 
more than 120,000 miles. 

1263. How did the art of steam navigation 

progress ? 

The first boat was built in 1807. In 1811, one, the Or- 
leans, was built on the Mississippi. In 1819, the Savannah 
crossed the ocean, from Savannah, in Georgia, and in 1833 
two steamers from Liverpool arrived in New York. After 
this they were multiplied rapidly and greatly enlarged. 

The Banks of the United States. 

1264. When was the United States Bank char- 

tered ? 

The United States Bank was chartered in 1791, the 
charter to continue twenty years. 

1265. Was this charter renewed ? 



MISCELLANEOUS. 243 

This charter expired in 1811, and was not renewed; but 
in 1816 a second bank was chartered with a capital of 
thirty-five millions, and branch banks in various cities. 
This charter was to run twenty years. The new Bank, 
was opened in 1817. 

1266. Was this charter renewed ? 

As already narrated, Congress passed a bill granting a, 
renewal of charter, but this was vetoed by President Jack- 
son. 

1267. How long did the Bank continue oper- 
ations ? 

The charter expired in 1836, but it was continued as a. 
State Bank till 1841. 

1268. Was an attempt made to revive it ? 

A vigorous attempt was made to revive this institution, 
when John Tyler was President, but the bill for its rechar- 
ter was vetoed by him. 

Political Parties. 

1269. What were the lirst political parties 

and their principles ? 

The first parties were the Whign and Tories of Revolu- 
tionary times; the former desired independence of Eng- 
land, and the latter opposed it. 

1270. What were the next parties ? 

The next parties were the Federalists and the Anti-Fed- 
eralists. The former desired a strong general government,, 
a bank of the United States, and, in general, a republic as 
little removed from the English monarchy as possible; the 



24:4: UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

latter maintained the rights of the separate States, opposed 
a national bank, and, in general, advocated and practiced 
a frugal system of expenditures and as little restraining of 
the individual as possible. 

1271. What were the next parties ? 

The next parties were the Whigs and Democrats. The 
IVhig party in addition to what the old Federal party main- 
tained, advocated a high tariff for protection of home manu- 
^ factures and internal improvement at public expense. The 
Democratic party continued to support its former doctrines 
and became more and more opposed to paper money and 
more and more in favor of hard money. 

1272. What were the next parties ? 

The next parties were the Republicans and Democrats. 
The former at first desired only the restriction of slavery, 
and then came to demand its destruction, and it has also 
maintained the supremacy of the United States over the 
separate States. Into the latter had come all who desired 
to maintain or to extend slavery. This and the maintain- 
ance of State rights were the main tenets of this party down 
to the close of the civil war. 

1273. What other parties have arisen ? 

Other parties have been based on questions connected 
free-masonry, labor and the interests of workingman, the 
unlimited coinage of silver and issue of paper money, and on 
the prohibition of the manufacture and sale of all intoxi- 
cating liquors. 

1274. What have been some of the most seri- 
ous questions during this history ? 

The most serious of all questions in the history of the 



MISCELLANEOUS. 245 

United States has been that of State rights in distinction 
from powers of the general government. Next to this come 
slavery, the settlement of boundaries, tariff, banks, the 
acquisition of territ jry, how to deal with Indians, etc. 

1275. What are some of the political questions 

yet unsettled ? 

The true reform of the civil service, reform of the tariff, 
the mode of settling disputed Presidential elections, a sin- 
gle gold standard or a double standard of gold and silver 
for values, the treatment of Indians, the civil rights of the 
freedmen, inflation or contraction of paper money, and the 
extension of suffrage, are still pressing questions which di- 
vide the country into parties. 

Table of Necessary Dates. 

Discovery of America by Herjulfson in 985, and by 
Erickson, in 1000. 

Discovery of America by Columbus, in 1492. 

The Sixteenth Century is, in general, the period of 
Discoveries and Explorations. 

The first permanent settlement within the present limits 
of the United States was by the Spanish, at St. Augustine, 
Florida, in 1565. 

The first similar one by the English was at Jamestown, 
Virginia, in 1607. 

The first permanent settlement of the French was at 
Acadia, (Nova Scotia) in 1605. 

The dates of settlements of the thirteen original States 
extend from that of Virginia, 1607, to that of Georgia, 
1733. 

Quebec was taken by the English, in 1759, and all 
French America was ceded to the English, in 1763. 



24:6 UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

The Declaration of Independence was made July 4, 1776. 

The war of the Revolution extends from the battle of 
Lexington, 1775, to the surrender of Yorktown, 1781. 

The treaty of Paris, between England and the United 
States, was concluded in 1783. 

The Confederacy extends to the beginning of the Consti- 
tutional Government, in 1789. 

The purchase of Louisiana was in 1803. 

The second war with England was from June, 1812, to 
January, 1815. 

The Missouri Compromise was made in 1820 

Texas was admitted in 1845. 

The Mexican War was from 1846 to 1848. 

The Civil War was from 1861 to 1864. 

The Emancipation Proclamation was issued January 1, 
1863. 

Slavery was wholly abolished by the thirteenth amend- 
ment to the Constitution, in February, 1865. 

Reconstruction was completed by the re -admission to 
representation in Congress of the State of Texas, in March, 
1870. 

The first centennial of the United States was celebrated 
at Philadelphia, 1876. 

Specie Payments were resumed January 2, 1879. 

List of Authorities and References for reading, to be 
found in most libraries of moderate size : 

Foster's Prehistoric Races; Thatcher's Indian Biography; 
Parkman's Pioneers of France; Conspiracy of Pontiac 
and Jesuits in Korth America; Schoolcraft's Residence 
among the Indians ; Irving's Life of Columbus and Life of 
Washington; Cooper's Leather Stocking Tales; Theodore 
Irving's Conquest of Florida; Bryant and Gay's Popular 
History; Abby Sage Richardson's Our Country; Lossing's 
Field Book of the Revolution, Life of Washington, and 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



247 



Field Book of the War of 1812; Hawthorne's True Stories; 
Headley's Washington and his Generals and History of 
the Second War with England ; Barnes' Centennary His- 
tory of the United States ; Life of Gen. Greene, by his 
grandson, G. W. Greene ; Sims's Life of Marion ; Lossing's 
Lives of the Presidents; Parton's Life of Jackson; Wirt's 
Life of Patrick Henry; Sear's History of the American 
Revolution ; Moore's Rebellion Record. 



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